main greenhouse gas is continuing to increase in the atmosphere at an alarming rate. The level of the gas at the Zeppelin research station in Svalbard peaked at more than 397 ppm, an increase of more than 2.5 ppm on 2008. Carbon dioxide levels at Svalbard tend to be higher than the global average, but scientists said the carbon dioxide level they had measured was unprecedented, even for that lo...

Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) is a biogenic polymer that has the potential to substitute synthetic plastic in numerous applications. This due its unique attribute of being biodegradable and biocompatible thermoplastic, achievable through microbial fermentation from broad utilizable range renewable resources. Among all PHAs discovered, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) [P(3HB-co-4HB)] st...

Urolithiasis has become a worldwide problem with the prevalence of the disease increasing over the past few decades. While various treatment modalities have evolved over the years, discrepancies exist regarding the clinical indications and the efficacy of each of these treatment options. In the present review, we aim to review the current treatment modalities for urinary tract stones to provide...

In low power current mode signal processing circuits it is many times required to use current mirrors to replicate and amplify/attenuate current signals, and to clamp the voltage of nodes with high parasitic capacitances so that the smallest currents do not introduce unacceptable delays. The use of tunable active-input current mirrors would meet both requirements. In conventional active input c...