Expansion of the pool of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha-producing T cells is instrumental for the bone loss induced by estrogen deficiency, but the responsible mechanism is unknown. Here we show that ovariectomy up-regulates IFN-gamma-induced class II transactivator, a multitarget immune modulator, resulting in increased antigen presentation by macrophages, enhanced T cell activation, and pr...

The papillomavirus E2 proteins regulate viral transcription and replication and therefore play a central role in the viral life-cycle. In BPV1, the full-length E2 gene product is a transcriptional transactivator that activates transcription from several viral promoters by binding to E2 binding sites located within enhancer elements in the LCR (reviewed in [68,75]). BPV1 also encodes two shorter...

The E2 open reading frame (ORF) of bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV-1) encodes positive- and negative-acting factors that regulate viral gene expression. The full-length ORF encodes a transactivator, and two transcriptional repressors are expressed from the 3' half of the ORF. Previous analysis has shown that a conserved C-terminal region of 101 amino acids, which is shared by E2 transactivato...

The expression of transfected genes in mammalian cells is rapidly repressed by epigenetic mechanisms such that, within a matter of weeks, only a fraction of the cells in most clonal populations still exhibit detectable expression. This problem can become prohibitive when one wants to express two ectopically introduced genes, as is necessary to establish cell lines that harbor genes regulated by...

UNLABELLED Carbohydrate-protein (CHO+Pro) beverages reportedly improve endurance and indices of muscle disruption, but it is unclear whether these effects are related to total energy intake or specific effects of protein. PURPOSE The authors examined effects of CHO+Pro on time to exhaustion and markers of muscle disruption compared with placebo (PLA) and carbohydrate beverages matched for car...

PURPOSE Transgenic mice were developed that express tetracycline-controlled transactivator 1 (tTA1) specifically in photoreceptor cells. In these mice the transcription of the gene of interest can be easily inactivated in the retina in a short time frame. METHODS A construct was prepared containing tTA1 under control of the murine rhodopsin regulatory region. This construct was used for the g...

Transactivator C protein of bacteriophage Mu activates the mom gene of the phage by an unusual mechanism. DNA binding by C to its site results in unwinding of the neighboring sequences, realigning the out-of-phase promoter elements to facilitate RNA polymerase (RNAP) binding. High level stimulation of a C-independent constitutive promoter mutant (where RNAP is already bound) by the transactivat...