Abstract More than 50 cities across Europe have been designed as the European capitals of culture for one year since launch this programme in 1985. Through organisation different cultural events, gives selected accessibility to generate significant and socio-economic advantages, addressing their long-term regeneration revitalisation better competitiveness thereof. Several had gained status duri...

this paper takes a close look at the process of evolution of france’s spatial planning system. the rich background and solid approach of spatial planning in france, introduces this country as one of the pioneers of planning in various levels from local to urban and regional scales. the vision of this country during last decades especially in the field of spatial-physical development planning an...

urban design has been used in the cities throughout the world to achieve certain goals and purposes. it has been common in developing countries, including iran, to use urban regeneration plans in the older sections of large cities to eliminate urban blight and decay, and eventually achieve modernization and in some cases to also overcome socio-economic and cultural problems. approaches have bee...

This article explores the failure of urban renewal in Bombay city during the ®rst quarter of the twentieth century. It shows how colonial rule structured a class-driven process of uneven urban `improvements' that actually exacerbated the problems of congestion, bad housing and environmental blight. In this process, the new forces of modernity were selectively appropriated to accentuate the diff...