Microbial plant pathogens secrete effector proteins, which manipulate the host to promote infection. Effectors can be recognized by intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) receptors, initiating an immune response. The AVR-Pik from rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae is a pair of NLR Pik-1 and Pik-2. contains noncanonical integrated heavy-metal-associated (HMA) domain, direct...

Although object-oriented methods have been shown to help construct software systems that are easy to understand and modify, have a high potential for reuse, and are relatively quick and easy to implement, concern over performance of object-oriented systems represents a significant barrier to its adoption. Our experience has shown that it is possible to design objectoriented systems that have ad...