The Controversy Continues To the Editor: We read with interest the recently reported results of the Patent Foramen Ovale in Cryptogenic Stroke Study (PICSS) evaluating the effect of randomized medical treatment with aspirin (325 mg) or warfarin (International Normalized Ratio: 1.4 to 2.8) on recurrent ischemic stroke or death rate.1 Once again, the suggestive finding of an association between p...

OBJECTIVE To determine the pattern of mortality ascribed to cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis and to identify factors that might be important in the aetiology of the disease; and to assess the validity of death certification of the disease. DESIGN A retrospective examination of mortality ascribed to cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis in England and Wales between 1979 and 1988 with analysis, by m...

A patent foramen ovale is a common intracardiac finding that is located between the left and right atrium. It can cause right-to-left shunting and has a high prevalence in patients who suffer a cryptogenic stroke. Earlier trials did not show superiority of percutaneous patent foramen ovale closure with standard medical therapy over standard medical therapy alone in the treatment of cryptogenic ...

Cryptogenic cirrhosis (CC) is defined as cirrhosis occurring in an individual without an identifiable cause of liver disease, such as excessive alcohol consumption, viral hepatitis infection, hemochromatosis, autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, chronic intake of medications that could induce cirrhosis, alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency, Wilson's disease...

Stroke of undetermined aetiology or 'cryptogenic' stroke accounts for 30-40% of ischaemic strokes despite extensive diagnostic evaluation. The role and yield of cardiac imaging is controversial. Cardiac MRI (CMR) has been used for cardiac disorders, but its use in cryptogenic stroke is not well established. We reviewed the literature (randomised trials, exploratory comparative studies and case ...

Abstract Cryptogenic species are those whose native and introduced ranges unknown. The extent long history of human migration rendered numerous cryptogenic. Incomplete knowledge regarding the origin habitat a poses problems for conservation management may confound ecological evolutionary studies. Lesser Antilles pose particular challenge with regard to cryptogenic because these islands have bee...