LLE Review, Volume 105 26 Introduction In inertial fusion experiments, it is energetically advantageous to form the fuel into a solid shell before compression.1 Current cryogenic target experiments on OMEGA are being performed with pure deuterium (D2) as the fuel. 2 Future cryogenic target experiments will be performed with an equimolar solid mixture of deuterium and tritium (D-T). An equilibri...

This paper presents a cryogenic successive approximation register (SAR) based analog to digital converter (ADC) implemented in a standard 0.35 microm complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) process. It operates from room temperature down to 4.4 K, achieving 10.47 effective number of bits (ENOB) at room temperature. At 4.4 K, the ADC achieves 8.53 ENOB at 50 kS/s sampling rate with a curr...

17-4PH stainless steel is a martensitic precipitation hardening stainless steel that provides an outstanding combination of high strength, good corrosion resistance, good mechanical properties, good toughness in both base metal and welds, and short time, low-temperature heat treatments that minimize warpage and scaling. This valuable alloy is widely used in the aerospace, nuclear, chemical, pet...

Cryogenic air separation, while widely used in industry, is an energy intensive process. Effective design can improve efficiency and reduce energy consumption, however, uncertainties can make determination of the optimal design difficult. This paper addresses the conceptual design of cryogenic air separation process under uncertainty. A rigorous, highly nonlinear model of three integrated colum...

Nitrogen is produced mainly from its most abundant source, the air, using three processes: membrane, pressure swing adsorption (PSA) and cryogenic. The most common method for evaluating a process is using the selection diagrams based on feasibility studies. Since the selection diagrams are presented by different companies, they are biased, and provide unsimilar and even controversial results. I...

We have observed evidence of increased telomere shortening in short-term T-lymphocyte cultures following freezing and thawing of the original inoculum obtained by ficoll-paque gradient centrifugation, compared to T-lymphocytes that were cultured immediately without freezing and thawing from the same blood sample from 3 female and 3 male adults. Because freezing may have similar effects on other...

For further treatment of primary and intermediate materials, large amounts of oxygen and nitrogen are required by many industries, e. g. chemical and petrochemical, metal, semiconductor and food industry, in machine construction and many others. Oxygen and nitrogen are, together with Argon, the main constituents of ambient air. They are obtained from there by means of the air separation technol...

For cost effective machining it is necessary to identify and quantify changes in tool material machining characteristics. Cryoprocessing, a supplementary process to conventional heat treatment, involves deepfreezing of materials at cryogenic temperatures to enhance the mechanical and physical properties. The execution of cryoprocessing on cutting tool materials increases wear resistance, hardne...

Cryogenic treated high carbon high chromium alloy cold tool steels (D-3) are used in production of high performance dies, punches, blanking and punching tools, extrusion tools, etc. cryogenic treatment is a process of keeping the specimen in cold environment to increase its wear resistance and relieving its residual stresses. Due to its high hardness Wire Electric Discharge Machine (WEDM) seems...

Cryogenic treatment can be used as a supplemental treatment that is performed on some tool steels between quenching and tempering as an effective method for decreasing retained austenite and increasing wear resistance. In this research, the effect of deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) on dimensional stability and mechanical properties of 80CrMo12 5 tool steel was investigated. The martensitic trans...