نتایج جستجو برای: cross reference
تعداد نتایج: 747557 فیلتر نتایج به سال:
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Machine Transliteration is a sub field of Computational linguistics for automatically converting letters in one language to another language, which deals with Grapheme or Phoneme based transliteration approaches. Several methods for Machine Transliteration have been proposed till date based on nature of languages considered, but those methods are having less precision for English to Telugu tran...
During World War I, the birth rate in France fell by 50 percent. Why? I build a model of fertility choices where the war implies a positive probability that a wife remains alone, a partially-compensated loss of a husband’s income, and a temporary decline in productivity followed by faster growth. I calibrate the model’s key parameters using pre-war data. I find that it accounts for 91 percent o...
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Endowment payouts have become an increasingly important component of universities’ revenues in recent decades. We study how universities respond to financial shocks to endowments and thus shed light on a number of existing models of endowment behavior. Endowments actively reduce payouts relative to their stated payout policies following negative, but not positive, shocks. This asymmetric behavi...
Several recent technological standards were accompanied by patent pools—arrangements to license relevant intellectual property as a package. A key distinction made by regulators—between patents essential to a standard and patents with substitutes—has not been addressed in the theoretical literature. I show that pools of essential patents are always welfare increasing, while pools which include ...
A series of laboratory and field experiments reveals a detrimental effect of presenting options sequentially (one at a time) versus simultaneously (all at once) on choosers’ satisfaction with and commitment to their chosen option. This is because choosers presented with their options simultaneously tend to remain focused on the current set of options, comparing them among each other; whereas ch...
X nx1 system state matrix A nxn state transition matrix (possible time varying) Bnxm input matrix (possibly time varying) U mx1 input of system inputs Uideal mx1 matrix defining the input required to force perfect tracking. Xref nx1 matrix defining the path the states are to follow, periodic in time T. T The period of the repetitive motion: Xref(t)=Xref(t+T) W(t) Basis function for determining ...
We document the evolution of productivity in a steel mini mill with fixed capital, producing an unchanged product with Leontief technology working 24/7. Despite—almost—unchanged production conditions, output doubled within the sample period (12 years). We decompose the gains into downtime reductions, more rounds of production per time, and more output per run. After attributing productivity gai...
U ncertainty is an amorphous concept. It refl ects uncertainty in the minds of consumers, managers, and policymakers about possible futures. It is also a broad concept, including uncertainty over the path of macro phenomena like GDP growth, micro phenomena like the growth rate of fi rms, and noneconomic events like war and climate change. In this essay, I address four questions about uncertaint...
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