This review is motivated by our recognition that an adequate and reliable electricity supply is a critical element in economic growth. From a customer’s perspective, electricity has several distinct attributes: quality, reliability, time of use, consumption (kW h) volume, maximum demand (kW), and environmental impact. A differentiated product can be formed by packaging its non-price attributes ...

During the 1920s fundamental changes occurred in business institutions responsible for retail distribution. Most significantly, the large urban department store began a period of relative decline and new forms of retailing emerged as strong competitors for sales volume. This paper describes these developments and attempts to show their relationship to the changing structure of American cities a...

This paper examines the environmental-economic cycle for nitrogen in Denmark based on nitrogen input and output from different economic sectors. An input-output model is employed together with a nitrogen mass balance to apportion total nitrogen loading by final demand and estimate export and import of nitrogen from foreign trade. The changes in agricultural and industrial nitrogen loading from ...

The growth rate for infants and young children manifests the significant differences between age, sex, regional, and seasonal distributions. The growth rate for infants and young children is a complex process that depends on interaction of the genetic and environmental factors. All genetic and environmental factors jointly contribute to the growth rate for infants and young children, for exampl...

Previous growth studies have not explored how different growth phases-the fetal, infancy, childhood, and puberty phases-interact with each other in the development of adult shortness. In this paper, the authors attempt to describe the importance of each growth phase for adult shortness and the effect of growth in one phase on other, subsequent phases. The authors analyzed data from a longitudin...