Abstract The study of electoral system reform is often focused on consolidated democracies. This special issue reforms in the Mediterranean region selects both democracies and moderate authoritarian systems. It analyses under aspects how they deal with dilemma between improving ‘governability’ by majoritarian instruments versus increasing proportionality representation. While governability also...

When can states justly make ultimatums? How should the recipients of ultimatums respond to them? This manuscript argues that because bargaining behavior like and redlines causes war by generating failure, these behaviors be scrutinized in same ways overtly aggressive acts invasion are examined. It then parties have a general duty avoid eliminating alternatives war. Ultimatums only justified if ...

In spite of its centrality in the criminal justice system, the principle of proportionality is poorly defined, and its role in judicial sentencing rests on shaky ground. The idea that criminal sanctions should be imposed only in proportion to those crimes to which they seek to respond is well recognised and ostensibly applied in most modern legal systems. However, by examining the role of propo...

This Article focuses on two separate issues deriving from the Eighth Amendment’s “cruel and unusual punishment” clause. Specifically, it discusses classic conditions of confinement litigation and sentencing proportionality litigation. Confinement litigation includes cases challenging the lived experiences of prisoners such as overcrowding, excessive force, failure to provide adequate medical ca...