introduction: nager syndrome is a malformation resulting from problems in the development of the first and second branchial arches and limb buds. the cause of the abnormal development of the pharyngeal arches in nager syndrome is unknown. it is also unclear why affected individuals have bone abnormalities in their arms and legs. nager syndrome is thought to have an autosomal recessive inheritan...

Defects in craniofacial tissues, resulting from trauma, congenital abnormalities, oncologic resection or progressive deforming diseases, may result in aesthetic deformity, pain and reduced function. Restoring the structure, function and aesthetics of craniofacial tissues represents a substantial clinical problem in need of new solutions. More biologically-interactive biomaterials could potentia...

An elderly woman presented with a history of slow and progressive facial asymmetry since childhood. Physical examination revealed painless right facial enlargement involving the soft tissue and bony structures of the maxilla and mandible (image A). A plain radiograph revealed hazy radiopacities with a ground glass appearance (image B), suggestive of polyostotic fibrous dysplasia (FD). Transoral...

Animal studies have suggested that tissue injury-related increased levels of glutamate may be involved in peripheral nociceptive mechanisms in deep craniofacial tissues. Indeed, injection of glutamate (0.1-1 M, 10 microl) into the temporomandibular region evokes reflex jaw muscle responses through activation of peripheral excitatory amino acid receptors. It has recently been found that this glu...

BACKGROUND Orofacial pain, headaches, and neck pain are very common pain conditions in the general population and might be associated in their pathophysiology, although this is not yet clarified. The development and validation of a prediction inventory is important to minimize risks. Most recent questionnaires have not focused on pain, but pain is the common symptom in temporomandibular disorde...

The rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) projects to the medullary and spinal dorsal horns and is a major source of descending modulation of nociceptive transmission. Traditionally, neurons in the RVM are classified functionally as on, off, and neutral cells on the basis of responses to noxious cutaneous stimulation of the tail or hind paw. On cells facilitate nociceptive transmission, off cells ...

BACKGROUND: The Craniofacial Pain and Disability Inventory (CF-PDI) is a cross-culturally adapted instrument designed from biopsychosocial perspective to measure pain, disability, function in orofacial head neck pain with shown psychometric properties; however, the German cross-cultural adaption lacking. OBJECTIVES: To carry out transcultural translation of CF-PDI into assess its properties pat...