A large generation of baby boomers reaching retirement age, and a steadily decreasing dependency ratio (number of working people per retiree) in most developing countries (and not too far in the future in China and elsewhere) make the economics of healthcare an increasingly important topic in the public arena. One key issue in this area is the price of pharmaceutical products. With cost contain...

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t JEL classification: C72 C79 D40 D43 D44 Keywords: Algorithmic mechanism design Worst case scenario equilibrium analysis Frugality Minimum cost spanning tree problem Price of imperfect competition A buyer procures a network to span a given set of nodes; each seller bids to supply certain edges, then the buyer purchases a minimal cost spanning tree. An effici...

this research was conducted in the west forest of guilan, northern iran. data from various harvesting methods for 20 years were collected. results showed that, productivity rate of round wood, pulp wood and fuel wood has had an upward trend, while rate of traditional products (lumber, sawn wood, charcoal, etc.) has had a downward trend. production cost has been investigated in this research. th...

In the last several years, tightly coupled PC clusters have become widely applied, cost effective resources for lattice gauge computations. This paper discusses the practice of building such clusters, in particular balanced design requirements. I review and quantify the improvements over time of key performance parameters and overall price to performance ratio. Applying these trends and technol...

BACKGROUND cost of anticoagulation with dabigatran is largely based on estimation of complication rates derived from clinical trials. OBJECTIVE to investigate cost of anticoagulation with dabigatran in comparison with warfarin in clinical practice. METHODS a prospective observational study of patients with non-vavular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) referred to anticoagulation clinic. Patients w...

We derive bounds on the ratio of a monopolist’s profit from third-degree price discrimination to that from uniform pricing. If the monopolist serves N independent markets, demand is continuous, and the cost function is superadditive, then the profit ratio is bounded by N. A linear-demand example is provided coming arbitrarily close to this bound. We provide examples showing the profit ratio can...

In the last several years, tightly coupled PC clusters have become widely applied, cost effective resources for lattice gauge computations. This paper discusses the practice of building such clusters, in particular balanced design requirements. I review and quantify the improvements over time of key performance parameters and overall price to performance ratio. Applying these trends and technol...

the present study was focused on supply chain analysis of fresh guava in order to evaluate existing marketing supply chains (sc1: producer - consumer, sc2: producer - retailer - consumer, sc3: producer - commission agent - retailer - consumer, sc4: producer - commission agent - wholesaler - retailer - consumer) for two variety (allahabad safeda and apple guava) of guava. the gross marketing pri...

in the process of milk production, the highest cost relates to animal feed. based on reports provided by the experts, around seventy percent of dairy livestock costs included feed costs. in order to minimize the total price of livestock feed, according to the limits of feed sources in each region or season, and also the transportation and maintenance costs and ultimately milk price reduction, o...

This study investigates the energy and cost performance of hybrid renewable ground source heat pump (GSHP) and natural gas fueled fuel cell (FC) microgeneration systems serving multiple residential and small office buildings in Ottawa (Canada) and Incheon (South Korea). The study is performed by simulations in TRNSYS environment. The performance of the microgeneration system is compared to a GS...