A general price process represented by a two-component Markov process is considered. Its first component is interpreted as a price process and the second one as an index process modulating the price component. American type options with pay-off functions, which admit power type upper bounds, are studied. Both the transition characteristics of the price processes and the payoff functions are ass...

This paper considers possible price paths of a financial security in an idealized market. Its main result is that the variation index of typical price paths is at most 2; in this sense, typical price paths are not rougher than typical paths of Brownian motion. We do not make any stochastic assumptions and only assume that the price path is right-continuous. The qualification “typical” means tha...

The main purpose of this study was to determine the factors affecting the export of flowers in Iran. After data collection using by the index of Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), the condition of business of flowers in Iran was compared with a number of countries exporting the product. According to the results of study, the small elasticity of the exportation price in the function of export...

With the development of deregulated power systems and increase of prices in some hours of day and increase fuel price, demand response programs were noticed more by customers. demand response consists of a series of activities that governments or utilities design to change the amount or time of electric energy consumption, to achieve better social welfare or some times for maximizing the benefi...

In cloud computing, provisioning an optimal resource to consumer gets more and more crucial. Cloud computing consumers are able to use the set of computing resources by net. Cloud providers will receive some amount for these computational resources depending on usage of cloud resource. The provisional resource plans are reservation and also on demand. The computing resources will be provided ba...

As soon as one accepts to abandon the zero-risk paradigm of Black-Scholes, very interesting issues concerning risk control arise because diierent deenitions of the risk become unequivalent. Optimal hedges then depend on the quantity one wishes to minimize. We show that a deenition of the risk more sensitive to the extreme events generically leads to a decrease both of the probability of extreme...

As soon as one accepts to abandon the zero-risk paradigm of BlackScholes, very interesting issues concerning risk control arise because different definitions of the risk become unequivalent. Optimal hedges then depend on the quantity one wishes to minimize. We show that a definition of the risk more sensitive to the extreme events generically leads to a decrease both of the probability of extre...

For many products the average price paid by consumers falls during periods of high demand. We use information from a large supermarket chain to decompose the decrease in the average price into a substitution effect, due to an increase in the share of cheaper products, and a price reduction effect. We find that for almost all the products we study the substitution effect explains a large part of...

We study a continuous-review acquisition problem, in which the raw material price follows a discrete-state Markov process and demand is compound Poisson. We show that one optimal policy is of the order-up-to type. Under our mean reversion and time continuity conditions, we further show that the order-up-to levels are decreasing at the current price level. At the same time, our computational stu...

In a continuous-time economy with complete markets, we study how the heterogeneity in the individual consumers’ risk tolerance and impatience affects the representative consumer’s risk tolerance and impatience. We derive some formulas, which indicate that the representative consumer’s impatience decrease over time, and whether his risk tolerance increases or decreases over time depends on the s...