We provide an experimental demonstration of novel form-birefringent computer-generated holograms at wavelengths of 1.55 and 10.6 microm. These novel devices utilize a 2-D array of cells that can be fabricated with a single lithographic step. Each cell contains a subwavelength binary grating whose orientation controls the desired continuous phase profile within the cell.

We study the asymmetric simple exclusion process with open boundaries and derive the exact form of the joint probability function for the occupation number and the current through the system. We further consider the thermodynamic limit, showing that the resulting distribution is non-Gaussian and that the density fluctuations have a discontinuity at the continuous phase transition, while the cur...

We discuss the interplay between a slow continuous drift of temperature, which induces continuous phase separation, and the nonlinear diffusion term in the phi(4)-model for phase separation of a binary mixture. This leads to a bound for the stability of diffusive demixing. It is demonstrated that the same findings apply in other models, except for slight modifications of the bound. In practice ...

A derivation of chemical equilibrium equations for a spherical thin film of solution around a soluble solid nanoparticle is presented. The equations obtained generalize the Gibbs-Kelvin-Kohler and Ostwald-Freundlich equations for a soluble particle immersed in the bulk phase. The generalized equations describe the dependence of the chemical potentials of a condensate and dissolved nanoparticle ...

We experimentally and numerically study the effects of macromolecular crowding agents on DNA structure when confined to a nanochannel. Curiously, DNA response to crowding is significantly different between bulk phase, nanoslit confinement, and nanotube confinement. Coarse grained Brownian dynamics simulations reproduce trends seen in the experiments and allow us to develop a deeper understandin...

We define the violation fraction ν as the cumulative fraction of time that the entropy change is negative during single realizations of processes in phase space. This quantity depends on both the number of degrees of freedom N and the duration of the time interval τ. In the large-τ and large-N limit we show that, for ergodic and microreversible systems, the mean value of ν scales as 〈ν(N,τ)〉 ∼ ...

Knowledge of the behavior of stochastic optical fields can aid the understanding of the scintillation of light propagating through a turbulent medium. For this purpose, we perform a numerical investigation of the evolution of the scintillation index and the optical vortex density in a speckle field after removing its continuous phase. We find that both the scintillation index and the vortex den...

A high-efficiency tri-band quasi-continuous phase gradient metamaterial is designed and demonstrated based on spoof surface plasmon polaritons (SSPPs). High-efficiency polarizaiton conversion transmission is firstly achieved via tailoring phase differece between the transmisive SSPP and the space wave in orthogonal directions. As an example, a tri-band circular-to-circular (CTC) polarization co...

Continuous relative phase measures have been used to quantify the coordination between different body segments in several activities. Our aim in this study was to investigate how the methods traditionally used to compute the continuous phase of human rhythmic movement are affected by modulations of frequency. We compared the continuous phase computed method with the traditional method derived f...

In response to recently renewed interests in SU(N) pure-gauge dynamics with large N , both from M/string duality and from finite-temperature QCD phase structure, we calculate string tensions acting between the fundamental 4, diquark 6 and other color charges in SU(4) pure-gauge theory at temperatures below the deconfining phase change and above the bulk phase transition. Our results suggest 4 a...