Most of the potential function expressions subjected to function finding contain constant terms. Gene Expression Programming (GEP)’s effectiveness of function finding has been severely limited due to a lack of constant creating ability. Though this issue has been realized and discussed by many GEP researchers, an efficient method has never been established. This paper presents a new method to f...

Dot arrays are often used to study basic numerical skills across cultures, species and development. Researchers investigate the ability of subjects to discriminate between dot arrays, as a function of the ratio or distance between their numerosities. Such studies have contributed significantly to the number sense theory (i.e., that humans are born with the ability to process numerosities, and s...

Spatial ability predicts performance in mathematics and eventual expertise in science, technology and engineering. Spatial skills have also been shown to rely on neuronal networks partially shared with mathematics. Understanding the nature of this association can inform educational practices and intervention for mathematical underperformance. Using data on two aspects of spatial ability and thr...