In (3a), the verb root -baalbecomes baadwhen it is followed by causative -is-, applicative -ilor perfective -idi. As seen in (3b) the prefective in realized [idi] when the preceding vowel is /i/, /u/ or /a/. In (3c), however, when the preceding vowel is /e/ or /o/, there is a vowel height harmony and the perfective suffix is realized -ele. In response to this perfect complementarity, a single u...

Transparent segments have been a well known challenge for accounts of patterns long distance agreement, such as vowel and consonant harmony. Two standard ways to account transparency are autosegmental feature spreading with underspecification (e.g. Kiparsky 1981; Steriade 1987) Agreement by Correspondence (ABC; Walker 2000; & Rose 2004; Hansson 2001). Both, however, fail derive the multiple...

Three experiments used word-spotting to examine influences of phonetic and musical parameters on intelligibility of closed-set but unpredictable words in polytextual singing. Main comparisons were: 3 musical genres (medieval polyphonic motet, similar but homophonic motet, jingle); harmony (consonant, dissonant); keyword phonetic properties (‘acoustic contrast’, vowel length, vowel quality); con...

This paper introduces Uighur morpheme segmentation, which is a basic part of the comprehensive effort of the Uighur language corpus compilation, conducted at Xinjiang University in cooperation with Kyoto University. Uighur is an agglutinative language with word structures formed by productive affixation of derivational and inflectional suffixes to stems. Derivational suffixes change the meaning...

English is not typically considered to be a vowel harmony language, and yet one of its cousins, Buchan Scots, clearly shows vowel-harmonic patterns. This involves type height which blocked by certain consonants consonant clusters (which do form natural class). The front /ɪ/ has historically functioned as high but seems have changed into non-high in the inland dialectal variant. article consider...

Results are reported from a descriptive and experimental study that was intended to evaluate comparative markedness (McCarthy 2002, 2003) as an amendment to optimality theory. Two children (aged 4;3 and 4;11) with strikingly similar, delayed phonologies presented with two independent, interacting error patterns of special interest, i.e., Deaffrication ([tɪn] 'chin') and Consonant Harmony ([ɡɔɡ]...

Hansson (2007) demonstrated that, given an OT grammar with the constraint schemas CORRC↔C and IDENT-CC-x, factorial typology calls for grammars where certain segments are opaque to long-distance consonant assimilation (LDCA). That is, it is possible to rank CORR-C↔C and IDENT-CC-x constraints such that, for example, in a language with place harmony for sibilants, a voiced [z] will be transparen...

In this paper, we address parallelisms between local and long-distance effects in segmental phonology, focusing on the similarity conditions that trigger them. We take the view that both local and long-distance harmony and disharmony are consequences of segmental correspondence—namely, unstable surface correspondence—as modeled in Agreement by Correspondence theory (henceforth ABC; e.g., Walker...

For a language learner, any new word is a pseudoword. A pseudoword is a string of of letters or phonemes that sounds like an existing word in a language, though it has no meaning in the lexicon. On the other hand, speakers are well aware of permissible phonemes, their frequencies and collocations in their language due to the phonotactics inherent in the language. For example, saktal is a pseudo...

Book 1 of Plato’s Laws, and particularly the image puppet introduced near its end, has been traditionally interpreted as presenting moral psychology model that underlies educational system delineated by Athenian Stranger, which construes virtue consonance between non–rational rational elements soul. But a different competing conception looms large in Laws 1, victory best part soul psychic confl...