The behavioral equivalence of hidden terms in an equational specification logic is not itself specifiable in general (Buss and Roşu 2000). But much recent work has been done on its partial specification, in particular using coinduction. In this paper we consider the more general notion of conditional behavioral equivalence introduced by Reichel in 1984. We investigate the behavioral proof theor...

Reasoning with conditional time-intervals representing activities or tasks that may or may not be executed in the final schedule is crucial in many scheduling applications. In Constraint-Based Scheduling, those problems are usually handled by defining new global constraints over classical integer variables. The approach described in this paper takes a different perspective by introducing a new ...

The effects of undergraduate training in the natural sciences, humanities, and social sciences on inductive reasoning requiring the use of statistical and methodological principles and on reasoning about problems in conditional logic were examined. Social science training produced large effects on statistical and methodological reasoning, whereas natural science and humanities training produced...

Causal reasoning has been shown to underlie many aspects of everyday judgment and decision-making. We explore the role of causal structure in conditional reasoning, hypothesizing that people often interpret conditional statements as assertions about causal structure. We argue that responses on the Wason selection task reflect the selection of evidence expected to maximally reduce uncertainty ov...

There has been a paradigm shift in the psychology of deductive reasoning. Many researchers no longer think it is appropriate to ask people to assume premises and decide what necessarily follows, with the results evaluated by binary extensional logic. Most every day and scientific inference is made from more or less confidently held beliefs and not assumptions, and the relevant normative standar...

There are several approaches implementing reasoning based on conditional knowledge bases, one of the most popular being System Z [1]. We look at ranking functions [2] in general, conditional structures and crepresentations [3] in order to examine the reasoning strength of the different approaches by learning which of the known calculi of nonmonotonic reasoning (System P and R) and Direct Infere...

Analyses were conducted to evaluate the possible presence and influence of publication bias on the validity of conditional reasoning tests for aggression. Multiple publication bias methods yielded results consistent with a conclusion of publication bias suggesting that the reported validity of the conditional reasoning tests may be overestimated.