trifolium species and cultivars are considered important forage crops iran , growing throughout the country. the present article considered the karyotypic details of trvulim taxa using multivariate statistical analysis. taxa studied included: trifolim restylinatum (six populations: shazand, soriyan, kordestan, harati, enaj and lordegan), t. repense, t, fragverm, t. prateme and t, alexandrinm. s...

Paleo- and neo-taphonomic analyses of bone assemblages rarely consider all the occurring taxa in a single study works concerning birds prey as accumulators microvertebrate remains mostly focus on small mammals such rodents soricomorphs. However, raptors often hunt consume large range taxa, including vertebrates mammals, fishes, amphibians, squamates birds. Bone these taxonomic groups are numero...

This article reports the results of an experiment involving 108 college students with varying backgrounds in biology. Subjects answered questions about the evolutionary history of sets of hominid and equine taxa. Each set of taxa was presented in one of three diagrammatic formats: a noncladogenic diagram found in a contemporary biology textbook or a cladogram in either the ladder or tree format...

Much is known about the abilities of various taxa concerning discrimination of species, sex, familiarity-based discrimination and individual discrimination. However, literature pertaining to the precision of discrimination within lizard taxa assumes that discrimination between familiar and unfamiliar individuals can be extrapolated to include individual discrimination between two familiar indiv...

Due to the significance of the microbiome on human health, much of the current data available regarding microbiome functionality is centered on human medicine. For agriculturally important taxa, the functionality of gastrointestinal bacteria has been studied with the primary goals of improving animal health and production performance. With respect to cattle, the digestive functions of bacteria ...

We examine a mathematical question concerning the reconstruction accuracy of the Fitch algorithm for reconstructing the ancestral sequence of the most recent common ancestor given a phylogenetic tree and sequence data for all taxa under consideration. In particular, for the symmetric four-state substitution model which is also known as Jukes-Cantor model, we answer affirmatively a conjecture of...

Onosma L. as a rich taxa in Boraginaceae including about 150–180 species, centered mainly in Irano-Turanian region. The genus faced with several systematic complexities lead to many identification problems as well as morphological polymorphism. Several authors have used setae characteristics in Onosma as the most important diagnostic evidence in delimitation and classification of species in add...

In this paper we investigate mathematical questions concerning the reliability (reconstruction accuracy) of Fitch's maximum parsimony algorithm for reconstructing the ancestral state given a phylogenetic tree and a character. In particular, we consider the question whether the maximum parsimony method applied to a subset of taxa can reconstruct the ancestral state of the root more accurately th...