Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is an economically important poultry pathogen with a worldwide distribution that may infect a wide range of domestic and wild avian species. The identification of different pathotypes of NDVs plays an important role in the diagnosis and development of vaccines to control and eradicate NDV infections. In our previous study, we showed that mono-specific antibodies ca...

Influenza virus causes acute upper and lower respiratory infections and is the most likely, among known pathogens, to cause a large epidemic in humans. Influenza virus mutates rapidly, enabling it to evade natural and vaccine-induced immunity. Furthermore, influenza viruses can cross from animals to humans, generating novel, potentially pandemic strains. Currently available influenza vaccines i...

BACKGROUND Infection with Goose Reovirus (GRV) can cause serious economic losses in the goose breeding industry. In this study, the GRV allantoic fluid was concentrated and used as an antigen in a formalin-inactivated oil-emulsion vaccine. RESULTS When 6 day-old geese were inoculated, antibodies against GRV became detectable at 6 days post-vaccination, their concentration peaked at 3 weeks. T...

A trivalent influenza split vaccine was formulated at high concentration for coating on the transdermal microneedle system. Monovalent bulks of three strains, two and one B strain were diafiltrated, concentrated, lyophilized. The lyophilized powder each separately reconstituted subsequently combined into a formulation vaccine. process converted monovalent with low hemagglutinin (HA) concentrati...

Theory suggests that the effects of disadvantaged neighborhoods on child educational outcomes may depend on a family’s economic resources as well as the timing of neighborhood exposures during the course of child development. However, most previous research assumes that disadvantaged neighborhoods have the same effects on all children regardless of their family resources, and few prior studies ...

Theory suggests that neighborhood effects depend not only on where individuals live today, but also on where they lived in the past. Previous research, however, usually measures neighborhood context only once and does not account for length of residence, thereby understating the detrimental effects of long-term neighborhood disadvantage. This study investigates effects of duration of exposure t...

A concentrated solution of purified enterokinase is conveniently prepared from the fluid contents of pigs' duodena by means of fractional precipitation with ammonium sulfate under the proper pH conditions.

A large body of research has shown that health is influenced by disadvantaged living conditions, including both personal and neighborhood conditions. Little is however known to what degree the health impact of different forms of disadvantage differ along the life course. The present study aims to examine when, during the life course, neighborhood and individual disadvantages relate to functiona...

The native cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) L1 capsid protein gene was expressed transgenically via Agrobacterium tumefaciens transformation and transiently via a tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) vector in Nicotiana spp. L1 protein was detected in concentrated plant extracts at concentrations up to 1.0 mg/kg in transgenic plants and up to 0.4 mg/kg in TMV-infected plants. The protein did not d...

BACKGROUND Numerous cross-sectional studies have examined neighborhood effects on health. Residential selection in adulthood has been stressed as an important cause of selection bias but has received little empirical attention, particularly its determinants from the earlier life course. The present study aims to examine whether neighborhood, family, school, health behaviors and health in adoles...