Stroop–reverse-Stroop interference is a phenomenon based on word-reading skill acquisition, especially the original color–word task. Few studies have examined preschool children, probably because early childhood school education requirement for occurrence of and difficulties in application to young children. However, many Japanese students begun acquire skills preschool. To estimate age at whic...

BACKGROUND Several studies have reported the potential value of the dual-task concept during locomotion in clinical evaluation because cognitive decline is strongly associated with gait abnormalities. However, current dual-task tests appear to be insufficient for early diagnosis of cognitive impairment. METHODS Forty-nine subjects (young, old, with or without mild cognitive impairment) underw...

This study examined Stroop-like interference in the fruit Stroop test among 271 5 12-year-old children and young adults divided into five age groups: 64 5 6-year-olds, 65 7 8-year-olds, 60 9 10-year-olds, 46 11 12-year-olds, and 36 young adults (18 23-year-olds). Participants were administered a paper-and-pencil version of the fruit Stroop test, which includes the canonical color task, the supe...

The current research investigated differences in reactive and proactive cognitive control as a function of depressive symptomatology. Three participant groups with varying symptom levels (Beck Depression Inventory-II, BDI-II score) completed both the classic and an emotional-face Stroop task separately under speed and accuracy instructions. All groups made equivalent speed-accuracy trade-offs i...

Relationships between Stroop interference and working memory capacity may reflect individual differences in resolving conflict, susceptibility to goal neglect, or both of these factors. We compared relationships between working memory capacity and three Stroop tasks: a classic, printed color-word Stroop task, a cross-modal Stroop, and a new version of cross-modal Stroop with a concurrent audito...

We re-examined a modified emotional Stroop task that included an additional colour-word alongside the emotional word, providing the response conflict of the traditional Stroop task. Negative emotionally salient (i.e. unpleasant') words are claimed to capture attention, producing a smaller Stroop effect for negative words compared to neutral words; this phenomenon is called the emotional dilutio...

According to a recent extension of the conflict-monitoring theory, conflict between two competing response tendencies is registered as an aversive event and triggers a motivation to avoid the source of conflict. In the present study, we tested this assumption. Over five experiments, we examined whether conflict is associated with an avoidance motivation and whether stimulus conflict or response...