We assess the impact of ECB monetary policy on global aggregate and sectoral commodity prices over 2001–2019. employ an SVAR model separately periods before after financial crisis. Our key results indicate that contractionary shocks have positive effects during both conventional unconventional periods, indicating effectiveness tools. The largest is documented energy (fuel) food commodities. als...

Commodity prices are one of the most important drivers output fluctuations in developing countries. We show that a major channel through which commodity price movements can affect real economy is their effect on banks' balance sheets and financial stability. Our analysis finds volatility significant predictor banking crises sample 60 low-income countries (LICs). In contrast to recent findings f...

The past decade has seen a sharp increase in the level and volatility of commodity prices (Graph 1). This has occurred alongside a sharp increase in commodity demand from emerging market economies, but also in parallel with a rapid increase in both commodity derivatives trading and financial investor activity in commodity markets (Domanski and Heath 2007; Dwyer, Gardner and Williams 2011). That...

Shrimp is an important export commodity in North Sumatra. Demand for shrimp will continue to increase with the increasing need consumption and industrial needs such as food, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics. The difference prices at farmer level market prices, fluctuations of price are faced by farmers. objectives research examine marketing channel, function, costs, margin, share spread obstacles mar...

A sharp increase in the popularity of commodity investing in the past decade has triggered an unprecedented inflow of institutional funds into commodity futures markets. Such financialization of commodities coincided with significant booms and busts in commodity markets, raising concerns of policymakers. In this paper, we explore the effects of financialization in a model that features institut...

Rate adaptation is a MAC-layer mechanism in IEEE 802.11 networks to ensure efficient utilization of constantly varying wireless channel. However, for broadcast communication, most commodity wireless drivers only support the base rates (i.e., 1 or 2 Mbps in 802.11b/b+g and 6Mbps in 802.11a/g), leaving the channel capacity significantly underutilized. In this paper, we present a novel rate adapta...

We propose a powerful new MAC/PHY cross-layer approach to estimating link quality in 802.11 WLANs. Unlike previous approaches, we explicitly classify channel impairments into noise-related losses, collision induced losses, hidden-node losses and 802.11 impairments caused by exposed nodes and capture effects. Our approach distinguishes among these different types of impairments without requiring...