As the penetration of photovoltaic (PV) systems on building rooftops increases, the accumulated effect of the rooftop PV power outputs on electric network operation is no longer negligible. Energy storage resources (ESRs) have been used to smooth PV power outputs, particularly when building load becomes low. In commercial buildings, the batteries of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) can be regar...

This memorandum reviews the factors that constitute an Expert System Building Tool (ESBT) and evaluates current tools in terms of these factors. Evaluation of these tools is based on their structure and their alternative forms of knowledge representation, inference mechanisms , and developer/end-user interfaces. Next, functional capabilities, such as diagnosis and design, are related to alterna...

Commercial businesses in an area affected by a natural hazard can have significant interruption and disruption because of damage impeding factors including financing delays. The recovery commercial buildings is necessary but not solely sufficient condition for owners to reopen their businesses. At the community-level modeling scale planning, ability model across entire community, short-term bus...