we evaluated the ability of spectral-domain optic coherence tomography (sd-oct) to differentiate large physiological optic disc cupping (lpc) from glaucomatous cupping in eyes with intraocular pressure (iop) within the normal range.â  we prospectively enrolled patients with glaucoma or presumed lpc. participants â had optic discs with confirmed or suspected glaucomatous damage (defined as a ver...

A combination of mechanical compression caused by a protruding disc and leakage of nucleus pulposus (NP) from the disc core is presumed to contribute to intervertebral disc hernia-related pain. Experimental models of disc hernia including both components have resulted in changes in neuronal activity at the level of the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and spinal cord, but changes within the brain hav...

In Drosophila, the eye and antenna originate from a single epithelium termed the eye-antennal imaginal disc. Illumination of the mechanisms that subdivide this epithelium into eye and antenna would enhance our understanding of the mechanisms that restrict stem cell fate. We show here that Dip3, a transcription factor required for eye development, alters fate determination when misexpressed in t...

BACKGROUND The vacuum phenomenon within the intervertebral disc usually represents disc degeneration. There are no reports in the English literature that focus on the effect of an anterior vacuum disc on surgical outcome of same-segment spondylolisthesis. METHODS Patients with degenerative spondylolisthesis (DS) or isthmic spondylolisthesis (IS) who underwent a spinal surgery between January ...

Intervertebral disc degeneration is considered a major source of low back pain. Recent advances in regenerative medicine have led to promising new approaches for the biological treatment of disc degeneration. Treatment modalities include the administration of growth factors, the application of autologous or allogenic cells, gene therapy, in situ therapy and the introduction of biomaterials or a...

BACKGROUND/AIM Since the central retinal vessel trunk usually located in the nasal optic disc sector can render difficult the delineation of the neuroretinal rim and optic disc, the aim of this study was to evaluate whether the nasal region of the optic nerve head is important, or can be left out, for the morphometric glaucoma diagnosis. METHODS The clinical observational study included 1337 ...

Clinical measurements of a horizontal cup/disc ratio were obtained among a sample of 160 normal twin subjects by stereoscopic biomicroscopy. Measurements of horizontal cup/disc ratio were normally distributed and theere was no significant association with sex, laterally, race, or refractive error in the mid-range. However, there was a significant association between size of the cup/disc ratio a...

According to the structure and drive principle of the precision ball transmission, an innovative structure of weak rigidity combination planetary disc which set planetary motion and clearance adjustment function as a whole was proposed. The performance requirements of the key connection pair in weak rigidity combination planetary disc were analyzed. A structure connected by pins was designed. T...

Unlike most batoid fishes, electric rays neither oscillate nor undulate their body disc to generate thrust. Instead they use body-caudal-fin (BCF) locomotion. In addition, these negatively buoyant rays perform unpowered glides as they sink in the water column. In combination, BCF swimming and unpowered gliding are opposite ends on a spectrum of swimming, and electric rays provide an appropriate...