The state of water in colloidal systems is a controversial subject. Discovery of the colloidal state by GRAHAM (18) was followed by extensive studies by VAN BEMMELN (66, 67, 68, 69) and ZSIGMONDY (73, 74). Thermodynamic studies by KATZ (36) indicated significant changes in free energy and heat content in colloidal systemis at low water content. OVERTON (51) concluded that part of the water in a...

Abstract: Efforts have been carried out in order to use microsilica to develop a forsterite bond rather than other types of binders in the basic refractory castables. According to the higher drying rate and sinterability of colloidal silica, it has been proposed in the recent years. In the present work, effects of replacement of microsilica by colloidal silica evolution of forsterite bond have ...

It is often said that glass is a frozen liquid. In a glass, the molecules are disordered like a liquid, but macroscopically, the sample no longer flows, behaving like a solid. While we can describe what a glass is, we still don’t fully understand the transition to the glassy state [1]. One way to learn about the glass transition is to study model systems. Perhaps the simplest experimental model...

the surface-enhanced raman scattering (sers) spectra of maleic (cis; 2-butaneoic acid) and fumaric (trans; 2-butaneoic acid) acids adsorbed on aqueous silver sol particles are reported. these two acids form two groups of isomers which differ only in the relative positions of the two carboxylate groups. the photochemistry of maleic and fumaric acids adsorbed on the surface of silver colloids is ...

Among all of the plasmonic noble metal nanoparticles the gold nanorod (GNR) retains a special place. Its elongated shape gives it unique anisotropic optical and physico-chemical properties. Owing to possibility to control the end-cap geometry, the GNR is the most tunable shape in the terms of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) spectral range. Moreover, the possibility to synthesize GNRs...

A widely utilized tool in reactor analysis is passive tracers that report the residence time distribution, allowing estimation of conversion and other properties system. Recently, advances microrobotics have introduced powered functional entities with sizes comparable to some traditional tracers. This has motivated concept Smart Tracers could record local chemical concentrations, temperature, o...

The fluctuation theorem (FT) quantifies the probability of second law violations in small systems over short time scales. While this theorem has been experimentally demonstrated for systems that are perturbed from an initial equilibrium state, there are a number of studies suggesting that the theorem applies asymptotically in the long time limit to systems in a nonequilibrium steady state. The ...