Blooms of Margalefidinium (previously Cochlodinium) polykrikoides occur almost annually in summer the lower Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries (e.g., James York Rivers). The Lafayette River, a sub-tributary has been recognized as an initiation location for blooms this region. timing bloom varies interannually, ranging from late June to early August. To fully understand critical environmental fa...

Recently, harmful algal bloom (HAB), also termed "red tide", has been recognized as a serious problem in marine environments according to climate changes worldwide. Many novel materials or methods to prevent HAB have not yet been employed except for clay dispersion, in which can the resulting sedimentation on the seafloor can also cause alteration in marine ecology or secondary environmental po...