Cities are dependent on their hinterlands for their function and survival. They provide resources such as people, materials, water, food and energy, as well as areas for waste disposal. Over the last 50 years, commerce and trade has become increasingly global with resources sourced from further afield often due to cheap labour costs, better transportation and a plentiful supply of energy and ra...

Electrostatics is widely used in the snack food industry as an alternative to traditional powder coating. The purpose o f this study is to determine whether electrostatics improves the functionality of different food powders and to evaluate the mechanisms involved in the process. French fries were coated at 0kV and -25kV with smoke extract or glucose and mozzarella cheese slices with sodium ery...

Multiplex networks are representations of multilayer interconnected complex networks where the nodes are the same at every layer. They turn out to be good abstractions of the intricate connectivity of multimodal transportation networks, among other types of complex systems. One of the most important critical phenomena arising in such networks is the emergence of congestion in transportation flo...

guiding vehicles to their destination under dynamic traffic conditions is an important topic in the field of intelligent transportation systems (its). nowadays, many complex systems can be controlled by using multi agent systems. adaptation with the current condition is an important feature of the agents. in this research, formulation of dynamic guidance for vehicles has been investigated based...

The ~5 km diameter Gow Lake impact structure formed in the Canadian Shield of northern Saskatchewan approximately 197 Myr ago. This has not been studied detail since its discovery during a regional gravity survey early 1970s. We report here on field observations from 2011 expedition that, when combined with subsequent laboratory studies, have revealed wealth new information about this poorly st...

We study the Casimir force on a single surface immersed in an inhomoge-neous medium. Specifically we study the vacuum fluctuations of a scalar field with a spatially varying squared mass, m 2 + λ∆(x − a) + V (x), where V is a smooth potential and ∆(x) is a unit-area function sharply peaked around x = 0. ∆(x − a) represents a semi-penetrable thin plate placed at x = a. In the limits {∆(x−a) → δ(...

Recent work has produced a theory for tropical convective available potential energy (CAPE) that highlights the Clausius-Clapeyron (CC) scaling of the atmosphere’s saturation deficit as a driver of increases in CAPE with warming. Here we test this so-called “zero-buoyancy” theory for CAPE by modulating the saturation deficit of cloud-resolving simulations of radiative-convective equilibrium in ...