Microbial interactions in natural microbiota are, in many cases, crucial for the sustenance of the communities, but the precise nature of these interactions remain largely unknown because of the inherent complexity and difficulties in laboratory cultivation. Conventional pure culture-oriented cultivation does not account for these interactions mediated by small molecules, which severely limits ...

Neutrophils play an important role in the defence of the bovine mammary gland against bacterial infections. In the course of the resolution of mammary gland inflammation, neutrophils undergo programmed cell death – apoptosis. The aim of this study was to confirm whether the co-cultivation of neutrophils of the bovine mammary gland with either Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus uberis leads ...

Semecarpus anacardium L. is a tree species which produces secondary metabolites of medicinal importance. Roots of the plant have been traditionally used in folk medicines. Different strains of Agrobacterium rhizogenes (A4, ATCC15834 and LBA 9402) were used for induction of hairy roots in in vitro grown tissues of the plant. Hairy root initiation was observed after 25-30 days of infection. Optim...

Micro-Tom is the smallest known variety of tomatoes. An orthogonal experimental design L(16) (4(5)) was used to optimize Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of cotyledon explants of Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Micro-Tom. Four parameters were investigated to determine their effect on transformation frequency: the concentration of bacterial suspension, time of dip in bacterial suspension, ...

In the present study, we have established a stable transformation protocol via Agrobacterium tumafacines for the pharmaceutically important Withania somnifera. Six day-old nodal explants were used for 3 day co-cultivation with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA4404 harbouring the vector pCAMIBA2301. Among the different injury treatments, sonication, vacuum infiltration and their combination t...

  SUMMARY To study the effect of vero cells on preimplantation mouse embryos two groups of experiment were carried out. In experiment 1, pronuclear stage mouse embryos were co-cultured with Vero cells in RPMI medium and were examined under microscope for 4 days with 24h interval. The results showed co-cultured group developed better compared to control (87% to 80%, P<0.05) although, the rate ...

The objective of this paper is to discuss how to enable the staff at an orderpackaging department to cope with a drastically increasing scale of operation. In order to do this we introduce the term scalability and based on co-ordination theory we formulate a case specific method for designing for an increasing scale of operation. We argue that it is the co-ordination work that is lacking not th...

Recently, Pfeiffer and colleagues have published protocols that allow the isolation of human hepatocytes and non-parenchymal liver cells from the same donor (Pfeiffer et al., 2014). Cell isolation is performed with resected liver tissue, usually obtained from hepatectomy because of metastasis from colon cancer. Human liver cells are initially isolated by the conventional two-step EDTA/ collagen...

The frequent re-isolation of known compounds is one of the major challenges in drug discovery. Many biosynthetic genes are not expressed under standard culture conditions, thus limiting the chemical diversity of microbial compounds that can be obtained through fermentation. On the other hand, the competition during co-cultivation of two or more different microorganisms in most cases leads to an...

Waterborne bacteria cause global public health problems. Francisella tularensis causes tularemia, which is a fatal disease in humans. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic and nosocomial pathogen of humans. Vibrio cholerae O1 and V. cholerae O139 infect only humans and cause epidemic and pandemic cholera. The principal natural reservoirs of these pathogens are largely unknown. To find thei...