Measurements and models show that enhanced aerosol concentrations can augment cloud albedo not only by increasing total droplet cross-sectional area, but also by reducing precipitation and thereby increasing cloud water content and cloud coverage. Aerosol pollution is expected to exert a net cooling influence on the global climate through these conventional mechanisms. Here, we demonstrate an o...

abstract nowadays, solar energy as one of the most important sources of clean and free of damaging environmental effects energy are used in many cases including generation of electricity, heat and desalination of salt water. the purpose of this research is identification of high radiation areas as most suitable regions for these applications.to do this, cloudiness data of 120 synoptic stations ...

I have been using the spectrophoto-metric assay of Cushman and Cheung (1) as modified by Lieberman (2) to assay for serum angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in diagnosis of possible sarcoidosis. However, replicate determinations produced results that varied considerably, creating some doubt about its analytical usefulness. Taylor and Freeman (3) identified a cause of this variability as cloudi...

Solar energy is one of the most important energy sources with increasing penetration into the power supply systems of many countries, due to the reduced environmental impact of its operation. One of the important factors of the efficiency of photovoltaic systems is the predictability of solar radiation, which depends on the clouds and the meteorological conditions, the occurrence of which is a ...

Ice clouds play an important role in determining the radiation budget and hydrological cycle. For example, the shortwave surface cooling effect of high clouds is in the order of 100 Wm -2 in the warm pool, the Asian Monsoon area, and the Amazon region during the southern summer (Li and Leighton, 1993). In the context of coupled oceanatmosphere general circulation models, a successful simulation...

At present the problems of the radiation transfer theory in the cloudy atmosphere have not been completely developed. However, a series of problems is available, which can be solved only as a result of complex experimental measurements of spectral, radiation, thermodynamic, microphysical, and other characteristics of cloudiness. In particular, cloudiness is During the experiments carried out in...

Tropical deep convection exhibits complex organization over a wide range of scales. This study investigates the relationships between the spatial organization of deep convection and the large-scale atmospheric state. By using several satellite datasets and reanalyses, and by defining a simple diagnostic of convective aggregation, relationships between the degree of convective aggregation and th...

Tsirlin et al. (2012) refer to perceptual transparency with clarity as glass-transparency, and that with cloudiness as translucency. The present study involving overlapping achromatic figures examined how glass-transparency and translucency are influenced by overlapping and non-overlapping areas on transparent surfaces and the level of luminance of the background. Experiments were conducted wit...

In a partial factorial model experiment, we used the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (TEM, version 4.0) to assess the relative roles of changes in CO2, temperature, precipitation and cloudiness in equilibrium responses of primary production and carbon storage. In the experiment, we used two levels of atmospheric CO2 concentration (315 and 522 ppmv CO2), contemporary climate and changes in temperatu...

Abstract--Measurements of cloudiness and of global, direct, and diffuse radiation taken over a 13 mo period at Davis, CA, are analyzed in terms of global transmission (K0 and diffuse fraction (Kd) for clear sky conditions and for various cloudiness conditions. A number of global transmission clear sky models are compared with observations for ranges of total water column and turbidity and some ...