Vitamin B12 deficiency causes a wide range of hematological, gastrointestinal, psychiatric and neurological disorders. Hematological presentation of cobalamin deficiency ranges from the incidental increase of mean corpuscular volume and neutrophil hypersegmentation to symptoms due to severe anemia, such as angor, dyspnea on exertion, fatigue or symptoms related to congestive heart failure, such...

Tropical sprue is an endemic condition in Puerto Rico, some Caribbean islands and Southeast Asia. It is characterized by diarrhea, poor appetite, weight loss and anemia. In recent years the incidence of tropical sprue has declined and the clinical picture is different. The supplementation of cereals and flours with folic acid for the prevention of neural tube defects in the newborns and to decr...

Lymphedema is swelling due to excess accumulation of lymph in the tissues caused by inadequate lymph drainage (Mortimer, 2010). The protein-rich lymph accumulates in tissue when reabsorption is hindered or when the lymphatics are absent or blocked (Gaber, 2009). Lymphedema is most commonly seen on lower limbs (Figure 1), rarely on the upper limbs, and extremely rarely on the head or the trunk. ...

The field of spondyloarthritis (SpA) has undergone substantial changes in the past decade. Increasing emphasis has been made on early diagnosis. Thus, MRI imaging has permitted new imaging modalities to detect early signs of inflammation in the axial skeleton. Additionally, much new data have emerged on the link between spinal inflammation and bone new formation, another hallmark of SpA. Classi...

biological principles. Even now, some seventy-five years after Darwin, man is still looked upon as something super-biologic for whom new super-laws must be framed to separate him from the socalled lower animals. The meticulous presentation of detail in this book would be quite inadequate for the specialist in biology and covers manifestly too much ground in too great detail for any dynamic pres...