Transferring foreign genes into mushroom mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a standard technique in genetic engineering. Recombinant human insulin has been greatly used in the treatment of type I diabetes. The production of edible mushroom derived insulin should facilitate oral delivery. In this study we used the Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated transformation method for the transfer an...

The Rockefeller University Press $30.00 J. Cell Biol. www.jcb.org/cgi/doi/10.1083/jcb.200809136 Cite by DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200809136 JCB 1 of 14 Correspondence to Ronald D. Vale: [email protected] Abbreviations used in this paper: APC, antigen-presenting cell; cSMAC, central SMAC; CTB, cholera toxin subunit B; GPI, glycosylphosphatidylinositol; ITAM, immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif...

Antibody avidity for antigens following disease or vaccination increases with affinity maturation and somatic hypermutation. In this study, we followed children and adults in Bangladesh for 1 year following oral cholera vaccination and measured the avidity of antibodies to the T cell-dependent antigen cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) and the T cell-independent antigen lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in c...

The Rockefeller University Press $30.00 J. Cell Biol. Vol. 185 No. 3 521–534 www.jcb.org/cgi/doi/10.1083/jcb.200809136 JCB 521 Correspondence to Ronald D. Vale: [email protected] Abbreviations used in this paper: APC, antigen-presenting cell; cSMAC, central SMAC; CTB, cholera toxin subunit B; GPI, glycosylphosphatidylinositol; ITAM, immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif; SMAC, supramol...

Cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) has been extensively used in the past for monosynaptic mapping. For decades, it was thought to lack the ability of transneuronal tracing. In order to investigate whether biotin conjugates of CTB (b-CTB) would pass through transneurons in the rat spinal cord, it was injected into the crushed left sciatic nerve. For experimental control, the first order afferent neur...

Protein toxins produced by bacteria are the cause of many life-threatening diarrheal diseases. Many of these toxins, including cholera toxin (CT), enter the cell by first binding to glycolipids in the cell membrane. Inhibiting these multivalent protein/carbohydrate interactions would prevent the toxin from entering cells and causing diarrhea. Here we demonstrate that the site-specific modificat...

Mucosal vaccination of capsular polysaccharide (PS) of Streptococcus pneumoniae and subsequent creation of the first line of immunological defense in mucosa were examined. Mucosal as well as systemic antibody responses to PS were evoked by peroral or intranasal immunization of BALB/c mice with PS-cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) conjugates entrapped in the alginate microspheres (AM). The bacterial...

The subcellular localization and corresponding quaternary state of fluorescent labelled cholera toxin were determined at different time points after exposure to living cells by a novel form of fluorescence confocal microscopy. The compartmentalization and locus of separation of the pentameric B subunits (CTB) from the A subunit (CTA) of the toxin were evaluated on a pixel-by-pixel (voxel-by-vox...

The Gram-negative type II secretion (T2S) system is a multiprotein complex mediating the release of virulence factors from a number of pathogens. While an understanding of the function of T2S components is emerging, little is known about what identifies substrates for export. To investigate T2S substrate recognition, we compared mutations affecting the secretion of two highly homologous substra...

The most potent mucosal adjuvants known are the bacterial enterotoxins cholera toxin (CT) and the closely related heat-labile toxin (LT) from Escherichia coli. Recombinant cholera toxin B-subunit (CTB) is a safe, protective component of a widely registered oral vaccine against cholera, which also protects against E. coli LT diarrheal disease. CTB has also proved to be a promising vector for lin...