Case Example Joseph is an 11-year-old boy whose mother has brought him to the pediatrician for a concern about his hands. The skin is dry, cracked, and erythematous. Joseph is wearing gloves in the office and is unhappy about being there. He does not want to show his hands to the doctor. No other area of skin is affected. The condition has worsened gradually over several months. Joseph’s mother...

obsessive compulsive disorder (ocd) is a type of anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, intrusive, unwanted thoughts. research indicates a genetic predisposition for ocd. many people with ocd have one or more family members who also have it or who may have other anxiety disorders influenced by the brain's serotonin levels, such as panic disorder. although ocd is a chronic and oftenti...

OBJECTIVES Despite the demonstrated high heritability of bipolar disorder, few susceptibility genes have been identified and linkage and/or association studies have produced conflicting results. This search for susceptibility genes is hampered by several methodological limitations, and environmental risk factors for the disease (requiring incorporation into analyses) remain misunderstood. Among...

Sex differences in the genetic and environmental influences on childhood conduct disorder and adult antisocial behavior were examined in a large community sample of 6,383 adult male, female, and opposite-sex twins. Retrospective reports of childhood conduct disorder (prior to 18 years of age) were obtained when participants were approximately 30 years old, and lifetime reports of adult antisoci...

BACKGROUND This study aims to establish if adult patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and childhood Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms would be more frequently within the bipolar spectrum than depressed patients without childhood ADHD. METHODS This study was carried out in outpatients recruited by psychiatrists in private practice, with 3963 participants being i...

OBJECTIVE To evaluate childhood experiences (neglect and abuse), temperament and childhood and adolescent psychopathology as risk factors for avoidant and borderline personality disorders in depressed outpatients. METHOD One hundred and eighty depressed outpatients were evaluated for personality disorders. Risk factors of childhood abuse, parental care, temperament, conduct disorder symptoms,...

BACKGROUND Eating disorder behaviours begin in adolescence. Few longitudinal studies have investigated childhood risk and protective FACTORS. AIMS To investigate the prevalence of eating disorder behaviours and cognitions and associated childhood psychological, physical and parental risk factors among a cohort of 14-year-old children. METHOD Data were collected from 6140 boys and girls aged...

Anxiety is one of the most controversial issues in mental disorders that its prevalence is increasing in today's society. Preclinical anxiety that is causing some anxiety disorders in adults can help us in the prevention of mental disorders. In this paper an attempt has been made to have an analytical review of attachment anxiety and its significance in childhood and adulthood. Attachment patte...