Sulfur mustard (SM) and similar bifunctional agents have been used as chemical weapons for almost 100 years. Victims of high-dose exposure, both combatants and civilians, may die within hours or weeks, but low-dose exposure causes both acute injury to the eyes, skin, respiratory tract and other parts of the body, and chronic sequelae in these organs are often debilitating and have a serious imp...

dr.mirsadraei and colleagues performed an interesting study about the lung hrct findings in chemical warfare patients who suffering from long-term pulmonary complications. they found that air trapping and mosaic attenuation were the most common lung hrct findings. also they divided patients in different clinical entities according to the lung hrct findings (bronchiolitis oblitrans, pulmonary fi...

Chemical warfare agents are the most brutal weapons among the weapons of mass destruction. Sulfur mustard (SM) is a potent toxic alkylating agent known as “the King of the Battle Gases”. SM has been the most widely used chemical weapon during the wars. It was widely used in World War I. Thereafter, it was extensively employed by the Iraqi troops against the Iranian military personnel and even c...

Background: During imposed war (1980-1988) Iraq frequently used chemical warfare particularly mustard gas. Skin is frequently involved in victims. Objective: Our main objective was to evaluate chronic skin manifestations due to exposure to mustard gas 10-19 years after exposure in a case-control study. Patients and Methods: 101 chemically wounded combators and 121 non-chemically wounded c...

BACKGROUND Iraq used chemical weapons extensively against the Iranians during the Iran-Iraq war (1980-1988). The aim of this study was to assess the health related quality of life (HRQOL) in people who had ophthalmologic complications due to the sulfur mustard gas exposure during the war. METHODS The Veterans and Martyrs Affair Foundation (VMAF) database indicated that there were 196 patients...

evidence acquisition this systematic review proposes a new triage system for patients exposed to nerve agents. information regarding clinical signs and symptoms of intoxication with nerve agents, primary treatments, and classification of patients were extracted from the literature. all related articles were reviewed. subsequently, specialists from different disciplines were invited to discuss a...

purpose : to review ocular surface abnormalities caused by exposure to mustard gas and current approaches to manage its delayed-onset complications methods : a total of 198 medical articles related to mustard gas were reviewed using known international medical databases, 114 articles were more relevant to the main aim were selected. results : mustard gas-related ocular injuries can be divided i...

Just months after Aff an Hamakhan Jafar graduated from medical college at the University of Mosul, Iraq, in 1985, his career took a sharp turn in an utterly unexpected direction. After fi nishing his internship in Mosul, Jafar had planned to go to Europe for postgraduate work, then perhaps to work as a general practitioner in Kurdistan, the northern Iraqi region where he was born. Instead, in l...

OBJECTIVE Mental disorders are more common among the chemically injured veterans rather the than the normal population. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of mustard gas (MG) on mental health and quality-of-life (QOL) in the people exposed to it based on reviewing valid published articles. METHODS We searched English databases including Medline, ISI and Scopus as well as F...