Organophosphorus nerve agents are the most toxic chemical warfare agents that present a threat to the warfighter. Irreversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, by nerve agents leads to accumulation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) at cholinergic synapses (Taylor, 1996). Currently fielded MARK I nerve agent antidote for treatment of nerve agent poisoning protects against life threa...

While chemical warfare agents have been used in military conflict for decades, it is only in the last two decades that increased attention has been paid to the acute and chronic health effects associated with exposure to these agents. The subsequent reports of ill-defined illnesses in the veterans of the Gulf War of 1991, followed by the 1995 sarin terrorist attack in the Japanese subway system...

Organophosphorus (OP) compounds are organic derivatives of phosphorus that have largely been used as pesticides and nerve agents. Tetraethylpyrophosphate was synthesized in 1854 as the first OP cholinesterase inhibitor. During 1934–1944, Gerhard Schrader, a German chemist at I. G. Farben industries and his coworkers synthesized about 2,000 OP compounds, including parathion as a pesticide and ta...

The smart, rapid, and customizable detection of chemical warfare agents is a huge issue for taking the proper countermeasures in timely fashion. printing techniques have established main pillar to develop miniaturized electrochemical biosensors onsite fast nerve mustard agents, allowing lab on chip agent sector. In growth novel technologies, combination with flexible electronics allowed deliver...

Chemical warfare agents(CWA) such as nerve agents and vesicating show lethality by skin contamination. Skin protection, therefore, is one of the top priorities to deal with growing threat from CWA. In an attempt develop most effective topical protectant(TSP), candidate substances including PFPE(perfluorinated polyether), PTFE(polytetrafluoroethylene), glycerin, polysaccharides were evaluated in...