Physico-chemical properties of active substances such as solubility, dissolution rate, chemical stability, pharmaceutical processibility, etc. can be improved by salt formation of active substances. Characterization of physical properties of such salts is important for selection of an optimal salt having required biopharmaceutical properties, stability and manufacturability. The present study d...

We present theoretical models of the composition, the relative abundances, and the stability of hydrated salts on the surface and in the icy shell of Jupiter’s satellite Europa and discuss whether those salts have an oceanic origin. The evaluations were done with thermodynamic calculations of (1) salt dehydration equilibria at the conditions of the surface of Europa and its icy shell, (2) chemi...

We have performed and visualized chemical garden growth experiments directly in situ an environmental scanning electron microscope. The microscope chamber simulates the surface of Mars. demonstrate that gardens can form under conditions temperature pressure existing on Mars presence liquid water, silicates, metal salts. Using from aluminum salts, tubes were formed where external is principally ...

Ionic liquid (IL) chemistry has evolved over the past century, such that these organic salts have impacted virtually every area of science and engineering. In the area of chemistry, initial applications of these salts were primarily the domain of chemists or chemical engineers who desired to manipulate the properties of IL solvents for a variety of applications including tuning various chemical...

To study the potential role of potassium channels in the taste response to potassium salts, we applied 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) to the anterior rat tongue and recorded chorda tympani nerve taste responses to chemical stimuli. 4-aminopyridine is a pharmacological blocker that reduces potassium conductance through potassium channels in nerve and muscle. Summated neural responses to stimuli dissolve...

The breaking and coalescence process in bitumen emulsions during their application strongly influences the resulting long-term mechanical performance of the cold mix asphalt. This phase separation process is affected by physico-chemical changes at the bitumen/water interface. This paper describes the effects of addition of different salts on the destabilization of bitumen emulsions. This study ...

Cysts of Azotobacter vinelandii produced in chemical salts-agar supplemented with 0.1 to 1.0% yeast extract and 0.3% butanol (L. E. Jackson, M.S. Thesis, Univ. of Texas, Austin, 1961) were two to four times larger than cysts formed on nitrogen-free medium (Fig. 1 and 2). Microscopic studies of "giant" cysts transferred to nitrogenfree agar revealed that, prior to germination, the central body d...

A new trend in electronics research is to increasingly employ chemical synthesis techniques in order to fabricate device components exhibiting physical properties addressed to specific applications. Examples of this approach are circuits made from carbon nanotubes and semiconducting nanowires. These nanostructures can be used, for instance, as chemical or biological sensors. In addition, chemic...