Studies of coal surface interactions are important for Understanding how technologically important reagents interact with Coal. Thermodynamic data provide a quantitative means to assess the interactions between reagents and coal. Knowledge of interaction strengths for solutes with coal surfaces should enable the design of more effective coal reaction strategies and lead to better utilization of...

Optimal control experiments can readily identify effective shaped laser pulses, or "photonic reagents," that achieve a wide variety of objectives. An important additional practical desire is for photonic reagent prescriptions to produce good, if not optimal, objective yields when transferred to a different system or laboratory. Building on general experience in chemistry, the hope is that trans...

Most laboratories in Pakistan use expensive imported clinical chemistry reagent kits resulting in high cost/test to the patients. To reduce these costs, reagents were prepared from basic chemicals, substrates and enzymes imported from Sigma Chemical Company U.K. This reduced the cost/test by up to 500% in some reagents. The quality of these reagents was tested by Wellcome External, Q.C. Locally...

Combinatorial libraries are synthesized by combining smaller reagents (building blocks), the price of which is an important component of the total costs associated with the synthetic exercise. A significant portion of commercially available reagents are too expensive for large scale work. In this study, 13 commonly used reagent classes in combinatorial library synthesis (primary and secondary a...

The location and number of neurotransmitter receptors are dynamically regulated at postsynaptic sites. However, currently available methods for visualizing receptor trafficking require the introduction of genetically engineered receptors into neurons, which can disrupt the normal functioning and processing of the original receptor. Here we report a powerful method for visualizing native α-amino...

A powerful tool in the study of cloned ion channels is the combined use of site-directed mutagenesis and chemical modification. Site-directed mutagenesis is used to introduce new cysteine residues at specific positions in a channel protein, and chemical modification by thiol-specific reagents is then used to assess the exposure of the introduced cysteins. This method has been used to assess sec...

Chemical labeling and crosslinking of plant viruses via multiple diazonium reagents can be used for the preparation new biomaterials including hydrogels.

The storage of solar energy is one of the main challenges in the near future. A rather unexploited way to fulfil this goal is the solar light induced formation of new chemical bonds, i.e. the synthesis of chemicals. Solar photons can be considered the ideal green reagents since they are costless and leave no residue in the reaction mixture. In many cases the solar radiation could be successfull...