in this paper, the competition between two supply chains and their elements is studied. each chain consisted of a manufacturer and a distributor and the two chains compete in a market with single type of customer sensitive to price and delivery time. therefore, this is a two-supply chain game and during the competition between two supply chains, elements of each supply chain (manufacturer and/o...

The question of how much the outcomes of cultural evolution are shaped by the cognitive capacities of human learners has been explored in several disciplines, including psychology, anthropology and linguistics. We address this question through a detailed investigation of transmission chains, in which each person passes information to another along a chain. We review mathematical and empirical e...

We study scattering of waves by impurities in strongly precompressed granular chains. We explore the linear scattering of plane waves and identify a closed-form expression for the reflection and transmission coefficients for the scattering of the waves from both a single impurity and a double impurity. For single-impurity chains, we show that, within the transmission band of the host granular c...

Transmission of HIV strains with drug-resistance mutations (DRMs) causes public health problems in resource-rich countries. We use a stochastic model, with data from viral competition experiments, to analyze the effect of fitness costs (FCs) and genetic bottlenecks on limiting transmission of 10 clinically significant DRMs. Transmission of DRMs with low FCs (∼0.2%) is similar to wild-type; tran...

background : main technique to control acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (hiv) infection is the effective preventive programs among high-risk groups. modeling is one of the effective methods where there is inadequate data. we used the modes of transmission (mot) model to predict the transmission of hiv infection in iran. methods : we systematically searched published and grey literature to fin...

We study the transport of a quantum particle through square lattices of various sizes by employing the tight-binding Hamiltonian from quantum percolation. Input and output semi-infinite chains are attached to the lattice either by diagonal point-to-point contacts or by a busbar connection. We find resonant transmission and reflection occurring whenever the incident particle's energy is near an ...

Cadmium sulfide and lead sulfide semiconducting nanoparticle chains have been fabricated for the first time by exploiting a general property of proteins, amyloidogenicity. The diameter of the CdS and PbS nanowires was tuned in the range of ∼50 to ∼350 nm by changing the process parameters. The nanoparticle chains were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy, UV-visible spec...