The costimulatory ligands CD80 and CD86 play a crucial role in the initiation and maintenance of an immune response. We demonstrate that whereas infection of human monocytes with viable tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii resulted in rapid induction of expression of CD80 and up-regulation of expression of CD86, incubation with killed organisms failed to alter the levels of expression of these cost...

The Nef protein of HIV-1 is essential for its pathogenicity and is known to down-regulate MHC expression on infected cell surfaces. We now show that Nef also redistributes the costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86 away from the cell surface in the human monocytic U937 cell line as well as in mouse macrophages and dendritic cells. Furthermore, HIV-1-infected U937 cells and human blood-derived ma...

Intraocular inoculation of antigens induces anterior chamber-associated immune deviation (ACAID), which is mediated by development of regulatory T cells in response to antigen-presenting cells (APC) pre-conditioned by intraocular transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta). In this study, we examined the involvement of T-cell co-stimulatory molecules in this process. To mimic the intraocular APC...

Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) have been used to focus on the effects of inducing gene expression through the acetylation of histones which results in chromatin remodeling. The study explored whether HDACIs could induce the expression of costimulatory/adhesion molecules on acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells, thereby effectively inducing tumor immunity. The expression of CD80, CD86, hum...

Previous studies have shown that the pan CD28/cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen (CTL)A-4 antagonist CTLA4 immunoglobulin (Ig) inhibits eosinophilic airway inflammation in Schistosoma mansoni-sensitized and airway-challenged mice. In the present study, the importance of CD28 as well as the individual roles of CD80 and CD86 were examined in this system using wild-type and CD28 knockout (KO) mice. Un...

The B7-related molecules CD80 and CD86 are expressed on antigen-presenting cells, bind the homologous T cell receptors CD28 and CTLA-4, and trigger costimulatory signals important for optimal T cell activation. All four molecules are immunoglobulin superfamily members, each comprising an extracellular Ig variable-like (IgV) domain, with CD80 and CD86 containing an additional Ig constant-like (I...

BACKGROUND The failure to establish potent anti-HBV T cell responses suggests the absence of an effective innate immune activation. Kupffer cells and liver-infiltrating monocytes/macrophages have an essential role in establishing anti-HBV responses. These cells express the costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86. CD80 expression on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) induces Th1 cell differentiation,...

Dendritic cells (DCs) can initiate immune responses or confer immune tolerance depending on functional status. LPS-induced DC maturation is defined by enhanced surface expression of CD80 and CD86. MicroRNAs are critical for the regulation of DC function and immunity, and the microRNA let-7i was upregulated during LPS-induced DC maturation. Downregulation of let-7i significantly impeded DC matur...

Despite modern therapies with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI), the management of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) remains a challenge. Significant immunosuppression has been described in patients with mRCC. Therefore, immunotherapeutic strategies such as checkpoint inhibitors have been developed. To further elucidate the underlying mechanisms of immunosuppression and respon...

Despite modern therapies with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI), the management of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) remains a challenge. Significant immunosuppression has been described in patients with mRCC. Therefore, immunotherapeutic strategies such as checkpoint inhibitors have been developed. To further elucidate the underlying mechanisms of immunosuppression and respon...