True amplitude one-way wave equations provide full waveform solutions that agree with leading order WKBJ solutions of the full, two-way wave equation away from caustics and other anomalies of the ray field. Both a proof of this fact and numerical examples are available in the literature. Near smooth caustics, ray-theoretic solutions fail for both the one-way and two-way wave equations; the WKBJ...

OBJECTIVES To determine circumstances surrounding the ingestion of caustic substances, the incidence of respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms at presentation, and the degree of investigation and active treatment during hospitalisation. Long term respiratory and gastrointestinal sequelae were also studied. DESIGN Retrospective case note study covering a 10 year period. SETTING Tertiary c...

We numerically investigate the long–time evolution of density perturbations after the first appearance of caustics in an expanding cosmological model with one–dimensional ‘single–wave’ initial conditions. Focussing on the time–intervals of caustic appearances and the spatial distribution of caustics at subsequent times, we find that the time–intervals of caustic appearances approach a constant,...

BACKGROUND Although the outcomes of caustic ingestion differ between children and adults, it is unclear whether such outcomes differ among adults as a function of their age. This retrospective study was performed to ascertain whether the clinical outcomes of caustic ingestion differ significantly between elderly and non-elderly adults. METHODS Medical records of patients hospitalized for caus...

Introduction: Caustic ingestion that occurs accidently is one of the most common problems in children. Methods: This systematic review has been performed by searching the databases including Science Direct, ProQuest, Google Scholar, and PubMed. A strategic search was performed with keywords including caustic, corrosive, ingestion, and children, and was limited to articles in English and Persian...

Corrosive ingestion is a rare but potentially devastating event and, despite the availability of effective preventive public health strategies, injuries continue to occur. Most clinicians have limited personal experience and rely on guidelines; however, uncertainty persists about best clinical practice. Ingestions range from mild cases with no injury to severe cases with full thickness necrosis...

In this paper we present an improved technique for interactive rendering of caustics using programmable graphics hardware. Previous real-time methods have used simple prisms for the caustic volumes and a constant intensity approximation at the receiver. Our approach uses interpolated caustic volumes to render smooth high-quality caustics. We have derived a simple formula for evaluating the dens...

PURPOSE To investigate the caustic ingestion in children among different continents according to demographic characteristics (core purpose), main symptoms, common caustic agents, signs and symptoms, management, treatment and complications. METHODS This systematic review was performed by searching the databases Science Direct, ProQuest, Google Scholar, and PubMed, electronically and manually. ...

In a line caustic crossing microlensing event, the caustic line moving across the surface of the source star provides a direct method to measure the integrated luminosity profile of the star. Combined with the enormous brightening at the caustic crossings, microlensing offers a promising tool for studying stellar luminosity profiles. We derive the amplification behavior of the two extra images ...