Several recent theories have attempted to account for the judgments people make about causal relationships. We argue that questions about causal structure, such as whether or not a causal relationship actually exists, make an important contribution to these judgments. We use graphical models, a formal tool for describing causality developed in computer science, to illustrate that two leading ra...

the main purpose of the study is to examine the causal relationship between government revenues and expenditures of the jordan government over the period from 1990 to 2011 using granger causality and vecm tests methodology. which provides channels of causation between government revenues (gr) and government expenditures (ge).the empirical results show that bidirectional causality running betwee...

Customer retention is one of the primary goals in the area of customer relationship management. A mass of work exists in which machine learning models or business rules are established to predict churn. However, targeting users at an early stage when they start to show a downward trend is a better strategy. In downward trend prediction, the reasons why customers show a downward trend is of grea...

The paper examines the causal relationship between FDI and economic growth by using an innovative econometric methodology to study the direction of causality between the two variables. We apply our methodology, based on the Toda-Yamamoto test for causality, to time-series data covering the period 1969-2000 for three developing countries, namely Chile, Malaysia and Thailand, all of them major re...

The Web is increasingly being viewed as a tool and place to enhance customer relationship. In this paper we define a model to analyze the Web characteristics that aid in building customer relationships and then used this model to examine consumer relationship building mechanisms in online retailing (e-tailing). Through a survey of 177 shoppers who had bought books, CDs, or DVDs online, the caus...

between stress and asthma morbidity is longstanding, evidence of its existence is fairly recent. Improvements in our understanding of both stress system activity and asthma pathophysiology have pointed to this association as a complex neuroendocrine-immune system interaction1. The stress and immune systems play a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis. The stress response is coordinated and me...

In this paper it is claimed that counterfactual reasoning in contextualized situations depends on and reflects causal contingencies, which are actualized depending on the task demand. The experiments presented manipulated some elements of the pragmatics of a task to show cases where dissociation between causal and counterfactual reasoning does or does not occur. Based on this evidence, it is cl...

Both migraine and dizziness are very frequent complaints, but the comorbidity of the two disorders is higher than it might be expected to be on the basis of chance alone. This implies a possible causal relationship, but definite diagnostic criteria for migraine-related vertigo are still lacking. Very recent attempts in this direction have shown that migraine may be the third leading cause of ve...

The association between insulin and hypertension has been extensively explored during the past decade and remains an area of intense discussion and debate. Interest in the link between insulin and high blood pressure was fueled by two distinct observations: (i) the lack of effective antihypertensive drugs to reduce the increased risk of coronary artery disease in hypertensive subjects [l-4] and...