The likelihood ratio test (LRT) and the related F-test, popularized in astrophysics by Eadie and coworkers in 1971, Bevington in 1969, Lampton, Margon, & Bowyer, in 1976, Cash in 1979, and Avni in 1978, do not (even asymptotically) adhere to their nominal 2 and F-distributions in many statistical tests common in astrophysics, thereby casting many marginal line or source detections and nondetect...

Different versions of peer-to-peer electronic cash exist as data represented by separate blockchains. Payments between such systems cannot be sent directly from one party to another without going through a financial institution. Bitcoin provided part of the solution but its utility is limited to intra-blockchain transactions. The benefits are lost if a trusted third party is required to execute...

This paper describes a technology solution for preventing tax fraud in electronic cash registers (ECR) and point of sale (POS) systems. The solution is based on electronic signatures, and as a result, any alterations to protected data will be detected. The signed transaction data can be stored on various electronic memory devices. Technical provisions enable the estimation of transaction volume...

We present practical protocols for playing poker over the internet without having to trust a third party. Our poker protocols are dropout-tolerant in the sense that any party that drops out during the middle of the game is forced to pay a monetary penalty to all other parties. More generally, we introduce and design protocols for secure cash distribution with penalties, a primitive that simulta...

February 2000 www.dcrco.com n recent years, collateralized debt obligations (CDOs) have emerged as one of the largest and fastest growing sectors of the asset-backed securities (ABS) market. Due to increasing use of bond and loan collateral within one transaction, the term collateralized debt obligation is becoming more popular, and the terms collateralized bond obligation (CBO) and collaterali...

We describe challenges in the risk management of smart card based electronic cash industry and describe a method to evaluate the effectiveness of distributed intelligence on the smart card. More specifically, we discuss the evaluation of distributed intelligence function called "on­ chip risk management" of the smart card for the global electronic cash payment application using micro dynamic si...

Every activity requires funds in the form of cash. Cash is important every transaction. This study aims to find out how cash disbursements accounting information system currently running at PT PP Presisi Tbk Inkis Sumatra Toll Project whether disbursement has been effectively. The research method used this paper uses qualitative methods, data collection techniques are observation, interviews, a...

This study aims to find out the factors influencing use of cash-payment in Yogyakarta. The object this research is Super Indo as one biggest markets Yogyakarta which people usually used for shopping. It uses quantitative approach through distributing questionnaire. data obtained on 100 samples with specification above 17 years old and time frequency more than once a week purchase market. proces...

We present a new construction of divisible e-cash that makes use of 1) a new generation method of the binary tree of keys; 2) a new way of using bounded accumulators. The transaction data sent to the merchant has a constant number of bits while spending a monetary value 2. Moreover, the spending protocol does not require complex zero-knowledge proofs of knowledge such as proofs about double dis...