The opportunity cost of the capital invested in pharmaceutical research and development (R&D) to bring a new drug to market makes up as much as half the total cost. However, the literature on the cost of pharmaceutical R&D is mixed on how, exactly, one should calculate this "hidden" cost. Some authors attempt to adopt models from the field of finance, whereas other prominent authors dismiss thi...

207 Mukhebi, A.W., Morzaria, S.P., Perry, B.D., Dolan, T.T. and Norval, R.A.I., 1990. Cost analysis of immunization for East Coast fever by the infection and treatment method. Prevo Vet. Med., 9: 207219. East Coast fever is a major disease of cattle in eastern, central and southern Africa. Its control has relied on the effective control of the vector tick, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus. Recently...

Until now, only income factors were considered for empowerment. But in contemporary times, most nonprofit and non-advocacy approaches, such as social capital and its components, have been taken into consideration. The World Bank has identified social capital as one of the pillars of the empowerment process. Hence, the main purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of social capital and its...

This paper explains the BEA methodology for computing historical cost and replacement cost measures of the net stock of capital in the U.S. economy. It is demonstrated that there exists a threshold rate of inflation in the price of capital goods that keeps the percentage difference between the two capital stock measures constant. Hence, over periods when average inflation in the price index for...

In rural and undeveloped areas where there is no power grid and more water is needed for agriculture purposes and human uses, the choices for driving water pumps are usually solar via photovoltaic or a fuel driven engine, usually diesel. There are very distinct differences between the two power sources in terms of cost and reliability. The present paper presents an economic analysis of diesel a...

People in every organization could be considered as the most important resource which contributes to the development of that organization. In fact, human capital is the most important dimension of organization’s intellectual capital especially in service-oriented organizations like municipality. Therefore, the main purpose of this paper is to introduce a suitable framework for human capital eva...

A regulator resolving a bank faces two audiences: depositors, who may run if they believe the regulator will not provide capital, and banks, which may take excess risk if they believe the regulator will provide capital. When the regulator’s cost of injecting capital is private information, it manages expectations by using costly signals: (i) A regulator with a low cost of injecting capital may ...