What slope angle favours the development of katabatic flow is still an open question. Some studies have clarified that katabatic winds are stronger on steep slopes, while others have demonstrated that katabatic winds are stronger on gentle slopes. Here, we explore the control mechanisms of katabatic flow using a simplified theoretical model in an attempt to clarify the causes of the paradoxical...

Leaves act as a primary organ for the interception of solar radiation and their spatial arrangement determines how the plant canopy interacts with light. Many studies have been carried out on the penetration of radiation into crops however to date, few results are available on turfgrasses, mainly due to the difficulties of introducing sensors into the turf without disturbing the natural positio...

Models estimating surface energy fluxes over partial canopy cover with thermal remote sensing must account for significant differences between the radiometric temperatures and turbulent exchange rates associated with the soil and canopy components of the thermal pixel scene. Recent progress in separating soil and canopy temperatures from dual angle composite radiometric temperature measurements...

In this paper, a new method for estimation of vertical leaf area density (LAD) profile of tree canopy using portable scanning lidar is proposed. In this method, which we refer to as the voxel-based canopy profiling (VCP) method, several measurement points surrounding the canopy and optimally inclined laser beams are adopted to facilitate full laser beam illumination of whole canopy up to the in...

The wireless communications in a tree canopy is essential for pre-harvesting control of fruit productions. To efficiently communicate between a sensor node and a sink node, channel characteristics in a tree canopy must be well-established. In this paper, propagation channel characteristics at the frequencies of 2.45 and 5.2GHz have been estimated for designing a wireless communication system in...

A plant canopy consists of an assemblage of plants with leaves that possess a particular spatial distribution and assortment of angle orientations (de Wit, 1965; Monsi et al., 1973). How a collection of leaves intercepts sunlight and uses light energy to assimilate CO 2 is the basis of canopy photosynthesis. The major factors affecting canopy photosynthesis, through light interception, include ...

Accurate estimates of forest canopy are essential for the characterization of forest ecosystems. Remotelysensed techniques provide a unique way to obtain estimates over spatially extensive areas, but their application is limited by the spectral and temporal resolution available from these systems, which is often not suited to meet regional or local objectives. The use of unmanned aerial vehicle...

A two-stream approximation model of radiative transfer is used to calculate values of hemispheric canopy reflectance in the visible and near-infrared wavelength intervals. Simple leaf models of photosynthesis and stomatal resistance are integrated over leat orientation and canopy depth to obtain estimates of canopy photosynthesis and bulk stomatal or canopy resistance. The simple ratio (SR) of ...