BACKGROUND: Endosonography (ES) is an important tool for staging malignant esophageal cancer with the TNM staging classification. ES is a safe procedure and an accurate method of staging tumor invasion (T) and lymph node involvement (N). METHODS: The author reviewed the literature on the comparative roles of computed tomography and ES as complementary staging procedures. RESULTS: Advantages of ...

Due to deficiencies of clinical staging, magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is being increasingly used in the pre-treatment work-up of cervical cancer. Lymph node status, as evaluated by advanced imaging modalities, is also being incorporated into management algorithms. Familiarity with MR imaging features will lead to more accurate staging of cervical cancer. Awareness of impact of staging on man...

OBJECTIVES Although endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) staging of esophageal cancer is established in clinical practice, high-quality evidence about its impact on patient outcomes is not available. This study aims to determine the impact of EUS for esophageal cancer staging on patient management and survival. METHODS A systematic review was conducted using Medline, PreMedline, Embase, and The Cochra...

Colorectal cancer is one of the most prevalent and leading causes of cancer death worldwide [1]. The survival of patients with potentially curable colorectal cancer is mainly determined by pathologic tumor and lymph node staging. In locoregional disease, the extent of lymph node involvement is the most significant indicator for disease freeand overall survival rates [2]. Currently, the American...

Vulvar cancer is a rare gynecological malignancy with mainly lymphatic spread. Sentinel node mapping plays an important role in the management of this gynecological malignancy. In the current study, we reported our experience in sentinel node mapping of vulvar cancer and review the literature accordingly. Since the introduction of sentinel node mapping to the surgical oncology community of our ...

Background: Determination of the impact of angiogenesis on tumor development and progression is essential. This study aimed to determine the serum levels of Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and Interleukin 6 (IL-6) in breast carcinoma, and to correlate them with tumor size, lymph node involvement, and cancer stage. Methods: Under aseptic precautions 5 ml of venous blood was collecte...

BACKGROUND Clinical evaluation of the axilla is an area of controversy in current breast cancer research and management. Evidence of axillary metastasis on biopsy affects all modalities of cancer therapeutics and is central to breast cancer staging. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy is standard therapy for patients with locally advanced breast cancer and considered for patients with early-stage breast c...

Despite a shift from clinical to surgical staging of endometrial cancer in 1988, performance of comprehensive surgical staging for clinically early-stage endometrial cancer remains controversial. Low-, intermediate-, and high-risk groups have been defined pathologically. Herein, we describe the risks and benefits of comprehensive surgical staging. Comprehensive surgical staging is encouraged in...

PURPOSE The new 8th American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC)/International Union for Cancer Control (UICC) lung cancer staging system was developed and internally validated using the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC) database, but external validation is needed. The goal of this study is to validate the discriminatory ability and prognostic performance of this new s...