Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) vary in their efficacy against generalized tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and absence seizures, suggesting different mechanisms of action. Phenytoin (PHT), carbamazepine (CBZ), and valproate (VPA) reduced the ability of mouse central neurons to sustain high-frequency repetitive firing of action potentials (SRF) at therapeutic free serum concentrations. Phenobarbital (PB) an...

BACKGROUND Benzodiazepines (BZDs) are among the most widely prescribed drugs in developed countries. Since BZDs can produce tolerance and dependence even in a short time, their use is recommended for a very limited time. However, these recommendations have been largely disregarded. The chronic use of BZDs causes a number of serious side effects, i.e. cognitive impairment, falls, traffic acciden...

(1) Background: Delirious mania is a neuropsychiatric condition characterized by the rapid onset of delirium, psychosis, and mania. Due to presence catatonic signs symptoms, some authors considered this syndrome be specific excited catatonia subtype. Usually, delirious responsive intravenous benzodiazepines (BZDs) or electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). (2) Methods: In present study, we describe ca...

Status epilepticus (SE) is one of the most common neurologic emergencies in children, adolescents, and young adults. SE may be due to acute neurologic conditions such as meningitis, encephalitis, or stroke, complicated febrile seizures, intractable epilepsy, degenerative diseases, intoxication, or may be the first manifestation of epilepsy. Initial treatment of convulsive SE is usually with an ...

Benzodiazepine hypnotics (BZDs) have been a popular treatment for insomnia since the 1960s, but they various problematic side effects, including falls and delirium.1, 2 Non-BZDs were developed right after BZDs are BZD receptor agonists (BZD-RAs) in action. In Japan, two other non-BZD-RA released, namely ramelteon (melatonin agonist [MRA]) 2010 suvorexant (orexin antagonist [ORA]) 2014. Despite ...

Symptoms of alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) may develop within 6-24 h after the abrupt discontinuation or decrease of alcohol consumption. Symptoms can vary from autonomic hyperactivity and agitation to delirium tremens. The gold-standard treatment for AWS is with benzodiazepines (BZDs). Among the BZDs, different agents (i.e., long-acting or short-acting) and different regimens (front-loading...

a high performance liquid chromatographic method with ultra violet detection for simultaneous analysis of six benzodiazepines (bzds) (chlordiazepoxide, diazepam, clonazepam, midazolam , flurazpam and lorazepam) has been developed for forensic screening of adulterated non-alcoholic drinks. samples were analyzed after a simple procedure for preparation using ph adjustment and filtering. isocratic...

Introduction Despite the scientific requirements and restrictive recommendations, there is a significant disparity between theory practice in prescription of benzodiazepine(BZD). Long-term prescribing, defined by duration exceeding six months has been commonly reported worldwide, some authors explained this physician’s perceptions. Objectives This study aimed to evaluate perception general prac...

The imidazopyridine zolpidem (Ambien) is one of the most commonly prescribed sleep aids in the United States (Rush, 1998). Similar to classic benzodiazepines (BZDs), zolpidem binds at the extracellular N-terminal alpha/gamma subunit interface of the GABA-A receptor (GABAR). However, zolpidem differs significantly from classic BZDs in chemical structure and neuropharmacological properties. Thus,...

OBJECTIVE Therapeutic approaches for benzodiazepine (BZD) dependence in patients in methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) have met with limited success. Clonazepam detoxification (CDTX) and clonazepam maintenance treatment (CMT) were compared in an open, clinical naturalistic study on such patients. METHODS Benzodiazepine dependent patients substituted their BZD of abuse for clonazepam and we...