Pressure measurements made at various points inside the mantle show that the ventilatory stream of the resting animal is driven by very small (often less than 0 5 cmH20) pressure differences. Inspiration occupies less than onethird of the total cycle time, while flow across the gills is evidently continuous, since there is always a pressure differential between the prebranchial and postbranchia...

We have isolated a new chicken gene, cBarx2b, which is related to mBarx2 in sequence, although the expression patterns of the two genes are quite different from one another. The cBarx2b gene is expressed in craniofacial structures, regions of the neural tube, and muscle groups in the limb, neck and cloaca. Perturbation of anterior muscle pattern by application of Sonic Hedgehog protein results ...

Most algae regularly experience periods of darkness ranging from a few hours to a few days. During this time, they are unable to photosynthesize, and so must consume stored energy products. However, some organisms such as polar algae and some microalgal cysts and spores are exposed to darkness for months to years, and these must use alternative strategies to survive. Some taxa, such as dinoflag...

Third branchial cleft cysts (BCCs) are rare entities that represent abnormal persistence of the branchial apparatus. On CT examination, these cysts appear as homogeneous low-attenuation masses with well-circumscribed margins; on MR imaging, they demonstrate variable signal intensity on T1-weighted images and are hyperintense relative to muscle on T2-weighted images. Definitive treatment is surg...

The size structure of phytoplankton assemblages strongly influences energy transfer through the food web and carbon cycling in the ocean. We determined the macroevolutionary trajectory in the median size of dinoflagellate cysts to compare with the macroevolutionary size change in other plankton groups. We found the median size of the dinoflagellate cysts generally decreases through the Cenozoic...

Historically meniscal cysts have been treated with either an open total menisectomy, isolated cyst excision, or a combination of the two procedures. The advent of arthroscopic techniques has led to innovative treatment options for meniscal cyst management. A review of meniscal cysts and the results of arthroscopic treatment form the basis of this study. From 1986 to 1991, 18 patients with menis...

Cystic lymphangiomas are uncommon congenital benign tumours of vascular origin with a lymphatic differentiation originating across various anatomical locations. Large intrabdominal cysts may mimic ascites. We report the case of a one-and-a-half-year-old male child with a giant cystic lymphangioma originating in the greater omentum presenting as tubercular ascites. This report aims to highlight ...

Case History: A 75-year-old male presented with complaint of mucus discharge from an external opening on skin at anterior aspect of mid part of neck on left side. No history of trauma or surgery and unremarkable family history. Upon examination, there was an external opening on skin at anterior aspect of mid part of neck on the left side. Naked eye examination of the oropharynx did not reveal a...

OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to compare the quality of life (QoL) of parents/caregivers of children with cleft lip and/or palate before and after surgical repair of an orofacial cleft. MATERIALS AND METHODS Families of subjects who required either primary or secondary orofacial cleft repair who satisfied the inclusion criteria were recruited. A preoperative and postoperative health-re...