The homology of branchial arch segments in salamanders has been a matter of controversy since the last century. Many investigators term the most medial paired elements of salamander branchial arches "ceratobranchials" and the next distal paired elements "epibranchials." This suggests that the first two segmental elements of the salamander branchial arch are not homologous with elements occupyin...

OBJECTIVE This study describes the presentation of first branchial cleft anomalies and compares outcomes of first branchial cleft with other branchial cleft anomalies with attention to otologic findings. STUDY DESIGN Case series with chart review. SETTING Pediatric tertiary care facility. METHODS Surgical databases were queried to identify children with branchial cleft anomalies. Descript...

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of endoscopic cauterization as definitive treatment for fourth branchial cleft sinuses. DESIGN Retrospective chart review with follow-up questionnaire. SETTING Tertiary care children's hospital. PATIENTS Ten children (age range, 10 months to 10 years) with fourth branchial cleft sinuses treated with endoscopic cauterization between 1995 and 2002. ...

Branchial arch development involves dynamic interactions between neural crest cells as well as ectodermal, endodermal and mesodermal cell populations. Despite their importance and evolutionary conservation, the intercellular interactions guiding the early development of the branchial arches are still poorly understood. We have here studied fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signalling in early phar...

We have estimated the branchial venous blood flow in the Atlantic cod by direct single-crystal Doppler blood flow measurements in vivo. In the undisturbed animal, this flow amounts to 1.7 ml min~ kg~', which corresponds to about 8 % of the cardiac output. Studies of both an isolated perfused gill apparatus in situ and simultaneous measurements of cardiac output and branchial venous flow in vivo...

Congenital fourth branchial arch anomalies are uncommon entities. Most of these anomalies are diagnosed in childhood. The majority of cases occur on the left side. The clinical presentation of these anomalies varies with age. A respiratory distress is the usual clinical presentation in neonates, cervical cutaneous fistulas in late childhood or acute suppurative thyroiditis. Multiples diagnostic...

The octopus circulatory system is atypical of the molluscs, with a medially situated ventricle generating high arterial blood pressures (Johansen & Martin, 1962; Wells, 1979). Using free-moving Octopus dofleini, Johansen & Martin (1962) demonstrated the presence of an accessory branchial pump, boosting the venous blood pressure, between the anterior vena cava and the afferent branchial vessel. ...