Botulinum toxin injections are effective for hyperactivities of muscles and glands that are mediated by acetylcholine (Ach) release in neuronal terminal. The effects of botulinum toxin are reversible because the involved nerves build new sprouts and synapses with time. Thus, botulinum toxin is relatively safe and repeated applications are needed. To maximize effects of botulinum toxin without s...

BACKGROUND This study was designed to assess whether preoperative trigger-site confirmation using botulinum toxin type A injections significantly improved migraine surgery outcomes. METHODS The medical charts of 335 migraine surgery patients were reviewed. Patients who received stepwise diagnostic botulinum toxin type A injections were placed in the botulinum toxin type A group (n = 245). Pat...

Botulinum toxin, the causal agent of botulism, is employed in therapeutic settings for a number purposes. toxin injections address aesthetic issues induced or worsened by muscle contraction controlling local neurotransmission. Therapy has transient impact; recovery generally clinically visible few months following treatment. Improper injection placement diffusion to unintended locations might r...

Botulinum toxin injection into the pylorus is reported to improve gastric emptying in gastroparesis. Classically, botulinum toxin inhibits ACh release from cholinergic nerves in skeletal muscle. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of botulinum toxin on pyloric smooth muscle. Guinea pig pyloric muscle strips were studied in vitro. Botulinum toxin type A was added; electric field s...

[This corrects the article on p. 279 in vol. 40, PMID: 27152278.].

Botulinum toxin is an injectable neuromodulator derived from neurotoxins produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum, which causes botulism. The human face made up of a complex network muscles that work together to create facial expressions and perform essential functions. Clinicians who understand anatomy functional relationships between in neck can use botulinum safely selectively weaken ...

Objectives: The aim of this work was to determine the effect of small doses (5U) of botulinum toxin A (BTA) injected directly into the painful trigger points of the muscles. Methods: 42 patients suffering from myofascial pain in the neck-shoulder region were studied. The patients received either botulinum toxin A or physiological saline injections on 3 occasions 6 weeks apart. The total dose va...

The binary botulinum C2 toxin ADP-ribosylated the actin of human neutrophils. Treatment of human neutrophils with botulinum C2 toxin for 45 min increased FMLP-stimulated superoxide anion (O2-) production 1.5-5-fold, whereas only a minor fraction of the cellular actin pool (approximately 20%) was ADP-ribosylated. Effects of botulinum C2 toxin depended on toxin concentrations, presence of both co...