Introduction and aim of the study: Botulinum toxin, produced by anaerobic bacteria Clostridium botulinum family, is one most potent organic compounds known to man. Despite its toxicity, it has found widespread use in medicine. From applications aesthetic medicine, through treatment various disease entities, toxin become an extremely valuable tool hands doctors. The this study review latest rese...

background: the mesobuthus eupeus scorpion venoms are known to contain α-toxin peptides, many of which interfere with k+ ion channel function. these toxin peptides have important value in  the pharmacology and physiology studies of specific k+ channel of cells. objectives: given the  lack of information of the molecular biology of peptides in the toxin of iranian scorpions, the aim of this stud...

t-2 toxin, a trichothecene mycotoxin, is considered to be one of the most toxic compounds that are produced by molds, particularly the fusarium species. fusarium species have been recognized as a great agricultural problem. they occur worldwide on a variety of plant hosts and cereal grains. the aim of this study was to investigate t-2 toxin-induced liver injury using in situ perfused rat liver....

fusarium is a fungus that is commonly found as saprophytes with parasitic life on some living organisms. mycoprotein or fungus proteins with physical and chemical features are known as food in recent years. when they are involved in temperature and wet stress, release materials such as mycotoxins or fungus toxins remained in food. zearalenone and dependent compounds have distinct role in many f...

knowing the nucleotide sequence of the cholera toxin operon, we designed oligonucleotide primers for its-pcr amplification from local clinical isolates of v. cholerae. the resulting amplification product was cloned in a common puc18 vector. subsequently, a part of this operon encoding the cholera toxin bsubunit (ctb) was reamplified and cloned between the bamh1 and ecor1 sites of the same vecto...

flushing is a condition with episodic attacks of redness of the skin with a sensation of warmth or burning, this disease causes emotional and functional problems in patients. there is various treatments for this condition; one of them is the use of botulinum toxin-a (bta). in this prospective pilot study we studied the effect of botulinum toxin-a (bta) effect on dlqi of patients with facial flu...

whooping cough (pertussis) is a highly contagious disease of the human respiratory tract, which is caused by bordetella pertussis. reemerge of pertussis in some highly immunized populations and divergency in gene order among several b. pertussis strains promoted this research to study the change of pertussis toxin (pt) and lipopolysacharide levels in response to the different environments. this...

purpose: to evaluate the effect of botulinum toxin-a (bta) injection into the inferior oblique (io) muscle in releaving the symptoms of superior oblique (so) palsy. methods: the study was conducted on patients who were referred for acquired so palsy with less than 2 years of duration. about 10-20 unit of bta was injected into the belly of the inferior oblique muscle through the inferotemporal q...

Background: T-2 toxin is a mycotoxin of type A trichothecenes produced by several fungal genera such as Fusarium species. Mycotoxins can affect both cell mediated and humoral immune compartments. Objective: The purpose of this study was to investi-gate the effect of T-2 toxin on cytokine production by mouse peritoneal macrophages and lymph node T cells. Methods: Mouse peritoneal macrophages and...

background: cigarette smoking has been linked with the suppression of immune responses and increased susceptibility to numerous infections in humans. tetanus is also a major public health problem in many countries. the aim of the present study was to evaluate the serum levels of anti-tetanus toxin antibodies in c igarette smoking and healthy non-smoking people .   materials and methods: a total...