Recommendations for Boilers up to 250 psig Ca 0.40 2.50 Na. 0.46 2.17 CaO. 0.56 1. 79 NaOH. 0.80 1. 25 Ca(HC031. . 1. 62 0.617 Na 2C03 1. 06 0.943 CaSO. 1. 36 0.735 NaHC03 1. 68 0.60 CaCl2 1.11 0.901 Na 2SO•. 1.42 0.704 Mg . 0.24 4.17 NaCI 1.17 0.855 MgO 0.40 2.48 CO2 , 0.44 2.27 MgC03 • 0.84 1.19 C03 0.60 1. 67 Mg(HC03) 2 ' 1. 46 0.685 HC03 1. 22 0.82 MgSO•. 1. 20 0.833 SO•. 0.96 1.04 MgCl2 0....

Condensing boilers use waste heat from flue gases to pre-heat cold water entering the boiler. Flue gases are condensed into liquid form, thus recovering their latent heat of vaporization, which results in as much as 10%–12% increase in efficiency. Modeling these heat transfer phenomena is crucial to control this equipment. Despite the many approaches to the condensing boiler modeling, the follo...

This paper discusses the application of hybrid model predictive control to control switching between different burner modes in a novel compact marine boiler design. A further purpose of the present work is to point out problems with finite horizon model predictive control applied to systems for which the optimal solution is a limit cycle. Regarding the marine boiler control the aim is to find a...

SPIN is a tool for the simulation and veriication of protocols. PROMELA, its source language, is a formal description technique like SDL and Estelle that is based on communicating state machines. The tool and the language are in the public domain and therefore widely used. The "Steam-Boiler Control Speciication Problem" consists of an informal speciication of a steam boiler system in a nuclear ...

SPIN is a tool for the simulation and veri cation of protocols. PROMELA, its source language, is a formal description technique like SDL and Estelle that is based on communicating state machines. The tool and the language are in the public domain and therefore widely used. The "SteamBoiler Control Speci cation Problem" consists of an informal speci cation of a steam boiler system in a nuclear p...

This paper discusses optimal control strategies for switching between different burner modes in a novel compact marine boiler design. The ideal behaviour is defined in a performance index the minimisation of which defines an ideal trade-off between deviations in boiler pressure and water level from their respective setpoints and the cost of burner switches and variation of continuous input flow...

This paper presents a gain-scheduled approach for boiler-turbine controller design. The objective of this controller design is to achieve tracking performance in the power output and drum pressure while regulating water level deviation. Also, the controller needs to take into account the magnitude and rate saturation constraints on actuators. The nonlinear boiler-turbine dynamics is brought int...

Because the boiler is developed to the trend of large size, high temperature and high pressure, so the requirement of water quality for the boiler makeup water is higher and higher, and that needs to almost get rid of all salts in the water. So anion-cation exchange technology has been developed quickly. For example, use the H cation exchanger to exchange various cations in the water and give o...

This paper is to seek effective scheme of boiler efficiency optimization, it uses Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithm to optimize boiler efficiency based on the model of boiler combustion efficiency. First, an optimization model of boiler efficiency, which takes boiler efficiency function as optimization objective, is set up according to the heat loss of boiler combustion. Moreover, the opera...

In this paper, a mathematical model is developed to describe the dynamics of the drum-level of a natural circulation boiler. A boiler-drum is divided into two parts; the upper part contains saturated steam while the lower part contains a steam/water mixture. The ratio of the steam in that mixture is defined in this work as the steam volumetric ratio. On the other hand, balance equations are app...