A key aspect of the Object-Oriented (OO) approach is that a designer can enrich an OO system by providing suitable (re-)definitions for some of the methods of the given system. Application frameworks provide good examples of such enrichment. An OO framework typically provides a number of template methods that implement specific patterns of calls to hook methods. An application developer can cus...

The Shiraz project included an evaluation component: two ‘glass-box’ evaluations have been performed during the project as well as a black-box evaluation at the end of the project. The evaluations were based on the use of a bilingual tagged test corpus of 3000 sentences. Evaluation tools were developed in order to automate the evaluation process. The glass-box evaluations included the evaluatio...

We define a notion of equivalence for designs containing black boxes i.e., components whose functionality is not known: these arise naturally in the course of hierarchical design. Using this notion, we describe a sound and complete methodology for optimizing such designs.

There exist many tools for capturing imprecision in probabilistic representations. Among them are random sets, possibility distributions, probability intervals, and the more recents Ferson’s p-boxes and Neumaier’s clouds. Both for theoretical and practical considerations, it is very useful to know whether one representation can be turned into or approximated by other ones. In the companion pape...

in the editorial published in this journal, daniels and colleagues argue that his and sabin’s accountability for reasonableness (a4r) framework should be used to handle ethical issues in the health technology assessment (hta)-process, especially concerning fairness. in contrast to this suggestion, it is argued that such an approach risks suffering from the irrrelevance or insufficiency they war...

Software testing is the process used to measure the quality of developed computer software. It exhibits all mistakes, errors and flaws in the developed software. In this paper, the three most prevalent and commonly used software testing techniques for detecting errors are described and compared, they are: white box testing, black box testing and grey box testing. Keywords— Black box, Demonstrat...

As developers of SageMath, we show how open software facilitates corrections. “Commercial computer algebra systems are black boxes, and their algorithms are opaque to the users,” complained a trio ofmathematicianswhose “misfortunes” are detailed in a recent Notices article [2]. “We reported the bug on October 7, 2013...By June 2014, nothing had changed ...All we could do was wait.”

Four black-box fault models are introduced in the paper. The test generation task for the black-box model is more complicated, because possible realizations of the design must be taken into account. However, the time required to generate tests is not very critical factor, because the test generation can be done in parallel with the circuit synthesis process without a prolongation of Time-to-Mar...

Controversy over the aggregate impact of foreign aid has focused on reduced form estimates of the aid-growth link. The causal chain, through which aid affects developmental outcomes including growth, has received much less attention. We address this gap by: (i) specifying a structural model of the main relationships; (ii) estimating the impact of aid on a range of final and intermediate outcome...