Background: In the past 22 years, intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) on human oocytes become a successful method of treatment for most categories of infertility. But there are real concerns that possible malformations among ICSI infants are still not fully recognized. Despite the success of ICSI, the risk of major birth defects due to various parental factors or treatment may increase. We ...

OBJECTIVE Both stressful intrauterine milieus and genetic susceptibility have been linked to later-life diabetes risk. The current study aims to examine the interaction between low birth weight, a surrogate measure of stressful intrauterine milieus, and genetic susceptibility in relation to risk of type 2 diabetes in adulthood. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The analysis included two independent...

OBJECTIVE To assess the association of birth weight with incident type 2 diabetes, and the possible mediating influence of obesity, in a large cohort of U.S. black women. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The Black Women's Health Study is an ongoing prospective study. We used Cox proportional hazards models to estimate incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and 95% CI for categories of birth weight (very low...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW In observational epidemiology, both low and high birth weights are associated with later type 2 diabetes. The mechanisms underlying the associations are poorly understood. We review evidence for the roles of genetic and non-genetic factors linking both sides of the birth weight distribution to risk of type 2 diabetes, focusing on contributions made by the most recent genome-wi...

OBJECTIVE To assess the associations between birth weight or gestational age and risk of type 1 diabetes. DESIGN Population based cohort study by record linkage of the medical birth registry and the National Childhood Diabetes Registry. SETTING Two national registries in Norway. PARTICIPANTS All live births in Norway between 1974 and 1998 (1 382 602 individuals) contributed a maximum of 1...

Previous studies suggest that birth weight and weight gain during the first year of life are related to later risk of type 1 diabetes. The authors performed a systematic review and meta-analysis on these associations. Twelve studies involving 2,398,150 persons of whom 7,491 had type 1 diabetes provided odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals of type 1 diabetes associated with birth weight. Fou...

We propose the following simple stochastic model for phylogenetic trees. New types are born and die according to a birth and death chain. At each birth we associate a fitness to the new type sampled from a fixed distribution. At each death the type with the smallest fitness is killed. We show that if the birth (i.e. mutation) rate is subcritical, we obtain a phylogenetic tree consistent with an...

in order to determine the exact birth rate and also percent of birth - orders in all births in the province of west azerbaijan, all centres of birth registration in the province were asked to fill a questionnaire at the time of issuing identity document for children. in the questionnaire, parents were asked to mention the place of birth, sex and birth order of the children and also the occupati...